Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion

Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion

– this is the final paper (attached is the draft made last week by you)
– Basically for this assignment is just editing the draft paper for the final paper and fixing what the professor said was wrong in the draft (DRAFT paper is attached) (professor’s comments are attached as well, which is what needs to be fixed).
– Rubric is attached
– Final paper instructions are attached too
– I also attached the comments that the professor made on the draft paper that needs to be fixed.
– I added to pay an extra page just in case you need to extend the paper Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

– Thank you so much for your service and please let me know if you have any question

Literature Review Draft: Essentiality of a Training Program Among Hypertensive Patients within an Outpatient Setting to increase their Lifestyle Modification Practice and Knowledge

The denominator is the diastolic blood pressure, which indicates the lowest pressure the heart may reach rest. Since blood pressure seems to be a continuous variable, no clear numerical values distinguish between elevated and normal blood pressure (Franklin et al., 2020). As a result, individuals develop hypertension if the blood pressure reaches levels attributed to cardiovascular mortality risks. In adults, the main guideline utilized to detect, evaluate, detect and manage hypertension describes the characteristics of 140mmHg systolic and 90mmHg diastolic blood pressure on both days (World Health Organization, 2021)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion.

Despite all the known hypertension adverse consequences, the condition still poses as one of the poorly controlled diseases globally, with the main cause being low-non-pharmacological interventions like lifestyle modifications. In that case, the health promotion approach needs to integrate lifestyle modifications and prescribed medications since most contemporary researchers consider the two interventions to be more effective in controlling and preventing high blood pressure (Londoño – Agudelo et al., 2021)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion. Hence, when training the hypertensives on the most effective lifestyle modifications, the components should include a low-sodium diet, a Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension plans (DASH) adoption, and physical activity. Despite most individuals preferring therapeutic drugs, there will be a need to ensure that healthcare providers equally consider non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments. Therefore, the literature review will assess hypertension prevalence, etiological classification, and modifiable risks.

Hypertension Prevalence

Globally, the estimated number of individuals with hypertension is 1.28 billion as of 2021, with an age range of 30-79 years, and more are from middle and low-income countries. From that number, 46 percent of individuals with hypertension do not acknowledge their risk, while l42 percent have early diagnosis and treatment to manage the condition (World Health Organization, 2021). Considering that hypertension has been one of the causes of global premature deaths, global efforts are to ensure the reduction of hypertension prevalence by 33 percent by 2030. In the United States, over 670,000 deaths in 2020 resulted from hypertension or its contributing cause (CDC, 2020)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion. From the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention statistics, 116 million United States adults have hypertension, meaning they have more than 130mmHg systolic blood pressure and over 80mmHg diastolic blood pressure, but they are under medication. Individuals with hypertension may record 140/90 mmHg or more, with the United States having approximately 37 million adults with such blood pressure levels (CDC, 2020). One of the reasons hypertension needs to be contained includes the high costs it brings to the patients, their families, and the healthcare system as the associated risks like heart and kidney problems. That is evidenced in the United States after an average of 12 years, resulting in $131 billion yearly in hypertension treatment (CDC, 2020)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion.

Hypertension Etiological Classification

Hypertension classification is under primary and secondary classification and depends on the cause. According to Ombada and Ombada (2020), primary and idiopathic hypertension influences approximately 90 percent of hypertensive cases, primarily for adults aged 40 and above. The leading cause of such hypertension is obesity, genetic predisposition, physical inactivity, and high sodium intake. However, when evaluating racial factors, Blacks have a higher hypertension prevalence than Whites because their treatment and awareness rates are similar. As Hewes et al. (2020) accentuate, the pathophysiological process of primary hypertension is still under review. Secondary hypertension is less common and accounts for 5-10 percent of hypertension cases. However, the causes of secondary hypertension are mainly attributed to other medical conditions that affect the kidneys, like polycystic kidney disease and medical conditions that affect the endocrine system, heart, or arteries (Ombada & Ombada, 2020)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion. And adult women may experience secondary hypertension during pregnancy. For individuals with secondary hypertension, it is always necessary to treat hypertension and the other comorbidities that causes it to prevent adverse effects like stroke, kidney failure, and heart disease.

ORDER HERE

Hypertension Modifiable Risks

The main modifiable risks associated with hypertension include unhealthy diets like low vegetable and fruit intake, excessive salt consumption, and high intake of trans fats and saturated fat. The main effects of unhealthy diets are that they affect the artery walls after the deposition of cholesterol which narrows these arteries, leading to increased pressure needed to push the blood flow (Franklin et al., 2020). In such a case, it is always essential to consider unsaturated fat consumption, which is common in foods like sunflower oil, soya beans, and fish which are also effective in reducing blood pressure, thus lowering cardiovascular disease risks. Also, sodium intake has a greater probability of causing hypertension. According to Franklin et al. (2020), sodium balances and regulates electrolytes and fluids in an individual’s body. Hence, patients with hypertension should reduce sodium intake to decrease the chances of developing high blood pressure. Other factors include physical inactivity and being obese or overweight. Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion

However, risks associated with a genetic predisposition may be unmodifiable, including those associated with comorbidities like kidney disease or diabetes, thus needing proper management. In such cases, hypertensive patients must engage in regular physical activities to help regulate their blood pressure to safer levels. The best thing about considering physical activities is that they can lower high blood pressure by 5 or 8 mmHg. Also, obese individuals have a 30kg/m2 body mass index (BMI) while overweight individuals have between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2 BMI, making excess weight one of the causes of hypertension, more so the obesity factor (Mollan et al., 2021). Since most affected individuals are adults, activities like jogging and walking would be essential since they do not involve high-intensity activities.

Conclusion

The chapter has evaluated the occurrence, prevalence, etiology, and modifiable risks of hypertension, particularly in adults. These factors are essential since they help researchers acknowledge some causes and ways to prevent and manage hypertension. The literature identifies various gaps, including diagnosis, where quite a number of people are unaware of their hypertensive situation. For instance, according to the World Health Organization (2021)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion, approximately 46 percent of adults globally are unaware of their hypertension condition, thus risking them to developing adverse side effects like kidney illness. Also, the CDC (2020) projects that in America, one in every three adult Americans is unaware of their hypertension condition. The other gap identified concerns follow-up, where individuals aware of hypertensive condition rarely engage in a follow-up consultation. For instance, Londoño – Agudelo et al. (2021) study identified a high number of individuals that did not carry out follow-up treatment were male, with the main contributors to such conditions being uninsured, paid occupation, and those that reported alcohol consumption. Hence, the training program among hypertensive patients within an outpatient setting to increase their lifestyle modification practice and knowledge is essential to reduce the prevalence of the identified gaps.

References

CDC. (2020, February 25). Facts About Hypertension. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm#:~:text=Nearly%20half%20of%20adults%20in

Franklin, B. A., Myers, J., & Kokkinos, P. (2020). Importance of Lifestyle Modification on Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 40(3), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/hcr.0000000000000496

Hewes, J. L., Lee, J. Y., Fagan, K. A., & Bauer, N. N. (2020). The changing face of pulmonary hypertension diagnosis: a historical perspective on the influence of diagnostics and biomarkers. Pulmonary Circulation, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2045894019892801

Londoño – Agudelo, E., Pérez Ospina, V., Battaglioli, T., Taborda Pérez, C., Gómez‐Arias, R., & Van der Stuyft, P. (2021). Gaps in hypertension care and control: a population‐based study in low‐income urban Medellin, Colombia. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26(8), 895–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13599

Mollan, S. P., Tahrani, A. A., & Sinclair, A. J. (2021). The Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Neurology: Clinical Practice, 11(4), e504–e507. https://doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000001063

Ombada, M., & Ombada, M. (2020). Diagnosing Hypertension Among Adults; A Study Based on Prevention-Management of Primary and Secondary Hypertension. Global Journal of Health Science, 12(2), 61. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n2p61

World Health Organization. (2021, August 25). Hypertension. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

The most prevalent condition of all non-communicable diseases is hypertension. Consequently, hypertension is the most common factor in cardiovascular disease, and since many hypertensives are unconscious of their illness, treatment is uncommon and inefficient (Franklin et al., 2020). As a result, poorly regulated blood pressure is a significant global public health concern, particularly for older adults, in terms of financial burden. In understanding how hypertension comes along, various factors need to be acknowledged, including blood pressure and how it reaches a point where an individual may be diagnosed with hypertension. For that reason, blood pressure is the force exerted on blood vessel walls by the flowing blood (Hewes et al., 2020). The pressure is generally crucial since it enables blood circulation in all the body organs though it acts as an interplay between peripheral vascular resistance and myocardial contractility. Hence, in clinical terms, the expression of hypertension is measured using two figures where the numerator represents systolic blood pressure which refers to the highest pressure achieved within the vessels during heart contraction (Hewes et al., 2020)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion. The denominator is the diastolic blood pressure, which indicates the lowest pressure the heart may reach at rest. Since blood pressure seems a continuous variable, no clear numerical values distinguish between elevated and normal blood pressure (Franklin et al., 2020). As a result, individuals develop hypertension if the blood pressure reaches levels attributed to cardiovascular mortality risks. In adults, the main guideline utilized to detect, evaluate, detect and manage hypertension describes the characteristics of 140mmHg systolic and 90mmHg diastolic blood pressure on both days (World Health Organization, 2021). Therefore, the literature review will assess hypertension prevalence, etiological classification, and modifiable risks.

Hypertension Prevalence

Globally, the estimated number of individuals with hypertension is 1.28 billion as of 2021, with an age range of 30-79 years, and more are from middle and low-income countries. From that number, 46 percent of individuals with hypertension do not acknowledge their risk, while l42 percent have early diagnosis and treatment to manage the condition (World Health Organization, 2021). Considering that hypertension has been one of the causes of global premature deaths, global efforts are to ensure the reduction of hypertension prevalence by 33 percent by 2030. In the United States, over 670,000 deaths in 2020 resulted from hypertension or its contributing cause (CDC, 2020)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion. From the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention statistics, 116 million United States adults have hypertension, meaning they have more than 130mmHg systolic blood pressure and over 80mmHg diastolic blood pressure, but they are under medication. Individuals with hypertension may record 140/90 mmHg or more, with the United States having approximately 37 million adults with such blood pressure levels (CDC, 2020). One of the reasons hypertension needs to be contained include the high costs it brings to the patients, their families and the healthcare system as the associated risks like heart and kidney problems. That is evidenced in the United States after an average of 12 years, resulting in $131 billion yearly in hypertension treatment (CDC, 2020).

Hypertension Etiological Classification

Hypertension Modifiable Risks

However, risks associated with a genetic predisposition may be unmodifiable, including those associated with comorbidities like kidney disease or diabetes, thus needing proper management. In such cases, hypertensive patients need to engage in regular physical activities to help regulate their blood pressure to safer levels. The best thing about considering physical activities is that they can lower high blood pressure by 5 or 8 mmHg. Also, obese individuals have a 30kg/m2 body mass index (BMI) while overweight individuals have between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2 BMI, making excess weight one of the causes of hypertension, more so the obesity factor (Mollan et al., 2021)Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion. Since most affected individuals are adults, activities like jogging and walking would be essential since they do not involve high-intensity activities.

ORDER TODAY

Conclusion

References

CDC. (2020, February 25). Facts About Hypertension. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm#:~:text=Nearly%20half%20of%20adults%20in

World Health Organization. (2021, August 25). Hypertension. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension Understanding Of Hypertension Assignment Discussion