The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment

The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment

Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental and neurological disorder affecting how individuals interact with others, learn, communicate as well as behave (Pistollato et al., 2020). It is mainly considered a developmental disorder because the signs and symptoms appear during the individual’s first two years of life and could last forever in someone’s life; however, there could be symptoms that improve over time (Lord et al., 2020)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment. As these children are young adults, they have problems developing as well as maintaining friendships, understanding what is expected of them in school and communicating with peers. It is difficult to diagnose it because there is a medical test for it. The doctor just looks at the behavior as well as development so as to make the diagnosis.

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Signs and Symptoms According to The DSM-5-TR
They are classified into two main domains:
a. The continuous deficits in social interaction and interaction involve difficulties in using verbal and nonverbal cues like voice tone and gestures, as well as understanding difficulties (Lord et al., 2020). Additionally, they have problems in maintaining relationships and behavior adjustments.
b. Restricted, repetitive behavior, activities, and patterns. They have repetitive speech patterns as well as movement, adhere strongly to routines like greeting, restricted interests, and could be hypo or hyper-sensitive to sensory stimuli like touch, sound, or smell (Lord et al., 2020).
In addition to this, there is a delay in speech and language development, intellectual disabilities, as well as motor coordination.
Differential Diagnoses
Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The repetitive behaviors, as well as temper tantrums, are confused to be hyperactivity. Eye contact avoidance is mistaken for inattention. Children with ADHD could be domineering and impulsive. They have better ways to communicate and engage in imaginative play. However, children with ASD could be aloof, remote, and have impaired communication abilities.
Social Communication Disorder(SCD): Children in both ASD and SCD have verbal as well as non-verbal communication impairment; however, children with SCD lack the restricted, repetitive behavior patterns. The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment
The intellectual disability: Sometimes, it can present with communication and social problems similar to those of ASD. The children with ID have some emotional reciprocity and better ability in non-verbal communication.
Anxiety- it is common in children with ASD. Children with anxiety have a fear of social interactions as well as situations. Despite this, their social interaction avoidance is solely because of anxiety but not from social communication deficits and understanding.
The Incidence
According to WHO, in every 100 children, 1 has autism (Pistollato et al., 2020). It is mostly diagnosed later in life, though it could be detected in childhood. People living with autism vary in that some can live independently while others require lifetime care as well as support. Its prevalence in low-income countries is unknown.
Development and Course
Some children with autism show the symptoms in the first twelve (12) months of life. Others may show later in life. Some children gain skills until the age of 12 months, and they stop gaining them or lose the already learned skills. The symptoms begin three years before a child’s development, but they can improve as time goes by.

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The causes are not well known but could be caused by some genes. These children could have brain structure problems and chemical imbalances in their brains. Additionally, it is not from the vaccines administered to children. It is, however, caused by toxins exposure at birth or during birth, infections like encephalitis or meningitis that cause brain damage, as well as infections during birth. The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment
The prognosis
The prognosis of an autistic child is dependent on the severity of the initial symptoms, but early intervention as well as treatment influence it. Autism is a lifelong disease and has no known cure. However, treating the underlying condition as well as the related disorders could improve autistic children.
Considerations related to culture, gender, age
Napolitano et al. (2022) show that ASD is more prevalent in boys than in girls. They show that ASD is diagnosed four times more than females. It should not be that women can mask their autistic behaviors to make them socially fit despite having conditions like anxiety and depression, making it difficult to diagnose. Because females display a wide range of cognitive abilities as well as adaptive skills, gender stereotyping should be stopped by clinicians and, as a result, consider a diverse ASD presentation during the assessment and support of individuals.
Although the cause is unknown, various cultures have their known cause of ASD. The African –Americans believe that food processing, diet, as well as contamination cause autism. Other cultures, like Asian Americans, believe that autism is punishment because of violating ethical, religious as well as cultural codes. Therefore, the beliefs on causes of autism should be interpreted cautiously because they vary among individuals in any social group. One should be cautious of the culture. The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment
Early identification as well as intervention in preschool years have shown great outcomes and therefore, there is a need for early screening. As autistic children become adolescents, they need support to help address their social education and to promote individual living. The health care providers should be considerate of the presentation of symptoms, co-occurring conditions and support services access when these adolescents transition to adulthood. There should be interventions that are age-appropriate to ensure skill building, community integration, and advocacy to promote quality of life and independence.
Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects
Atypical antipsychotics. Examples are aripiprazole and risperidone. They manage aggression, self-harming behavior, and irritability that are associated with ASD. The side effects include weight gain, drowsiness, cataracts, diabetes mellitus, QT prolongation, and extrapyramidal side effects. (Pistollato et al., 2020).
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), e.g., sertraline. They manage the obsessive-compulsive behaviors, anxiety, and depression seen in autistic individuals. The side effects include weight changes, sleep disturbance, dry mouth, and constipation or diarrhea. It has suicidal thoughts in teens as well as young adults (Potter et al., 2019)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment.
Alpha 2- Agonist that includes clonidine. They are used to manage impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention as well as aggression expressed in autistic children. The side effects include constipation, dry mouth sedation, aggression, and irritability.
Non-pharmacological treatments
Behavioral interventions improve adaptive behavior, social skills, and cognitive abilities and improve language while reducing anxiety. Involves cognitive behavioral therapy that identifies as well as challenges negative patterns of thoughts and helps in coping with anxiety as well as emotional difficulties. Also, positive behavioral support helps identify challenging behaviors and thus develops practical coping methods to modify the environment and teach alternate skills that ensure positive behavior.
Speech therapy helps autistic children to express their thoughts, desires, and needs. An example is augmentative and alternative communication, where techniques like communication boards, and picture exchange devices as well as speech-generating devices help the children with verbal communication problems.
Training of social skills is mainly through structured peer interactions, social engagement promotion, friendship development, and cooperation. Also, there is videos watching for the wanted behaviors as well as interaction that help the autistic children to learn and imitate them (Lord et al., 2020). There are also social stories that help them to understand appropriate behaviors, social situations as well as their expectations.
Occupational therapy helps autistic children to improve daily living skills, develop handwriting skills and better motor skills. Also, it helps them improve their planning abilities and organization. It involves organizing them into peer groups, play activities, and social participation. This helps them to improve in daily activities like feeding, bathing, and grooming The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment.
Diagnostics and Labs
Imaging: This includes magnetic resonance imaging to assess the structure of the brain, especially in cases or behaviors, and also in the investigation of conditions like encephalitis through electroencephalography and meningitis that causes brain damage and, thus, autism.
Comprehensive developmental and behavioral assessment: It involves an assessment by observing one’s social interaction, behavior, and communication, taking a comprehensive, detailed developmental history of behavior patterns and milestones (Pistollato et al., 2020). Also, there are language skills, cognitive functioning, sensory processing as well as adaptive behaviors.
Medical evaluation: this is to help rule out genetic conditions or medical conditions that cause ASD. It involves a physical exam for growth and development assessment (Lord et al., 2020). Also, there is genetic testing and medical condition screening like sleep disturbances and epilepsy.
Laboratory tests: they are conducted to rule out other medical issues other than diagnosing ASD. They included metabolic testing, thyroid function tests (TFTs), and lead screening that are associated with ASD- like symptoms.
Comorbidities
Includes obesity, depression, ADHD, Sleep disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety, gastrointestinal disorders, seizures, and eating challenges.
Provide The Legal and Ethical Considerations
It is an ethical obligation of healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from clients with ASD while assessing, during intervention, and in treatment modalities (McCoy et al., 2020)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment. This is by explaining the nature of treatment, the advantages and disadvantages, if there are alternative options, and ones right for consent refusal.
Healthcare providers have to ensure privacy and confidentiality to ensure health information protection. Individual history, diagnosis, and treatment should only be shared with authorized personnel with the sole purpose of improving the condition of the client (Hens et al., 2019).
Individuals with ASD have the right to autonomy. They have the right to make decisions during the treatment of their lives and to express their desires and goals. Healthcare professionals should ensure they involve them in decision-making regarding their conditions.
People with ASD have the right to equal access to education, healthcare, community participation, and employment and should be free from discrimination as well as prejudice (Hens et al., 2019). There should be an inclusive environment for individuals with ASD, as well as ensure their integration and participation into society.
People living with ASD should be accorded legal protections and rights, both in national as well as international laws. The laws protect their rights to employment, education, healthcare, community participation, and housing (McCoy et al., 2020)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment.
Pertinent Patient Education Considerations
The individuals with ASD and their family members should be explained the ASD nature, the challenges, and the core features to make them now an impact in daily life. They should know it is a lifetime condition, but there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to manage the symptoms and improve the way of life (Augustyn & von Hahn, 2020). This ensures the acceptance of ASD as well as reduces stigma.
Education on the early signs and symptoms can ensure early identification of ASD and, therefore, early interventions that improve outcomes.
Providing education on the treatment options as well as interventions like occupational therapy, behavioral therapy, speech therapy, and pharmacological management helps individuals and their families in decision-making about treatment and interventions (Augustyn & von Hahn, 2020).
Caregiving services by extended family members and siblings could improve if this condition is explained to them, reducing the challenges that could result from cultural perspectives.
In pharmacological management, the individual and their families should know the side effects of the drugs to ensure immediate reporting to the healthcare facility if adverse effects occur.
Finally, in schools, communities, and society, education on ASD could promote acceptance, understanding, and empathy. This would promote a supportive environment and reduce the stigma that is associated with the condition.
References
Augustyn, M., & von Hahn, L. E. (2020). Patient education: Autism spectrum disorder (Beyond the Basics)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment.
Hens, K., Robeyns, I., & Schaubroeck, K. (2019). The ethics of autism. Philosophy Compass, 14(1), e12559. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12559
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., … & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 6(1), 1-23.
McCoy, M. S., Liu, E. Y., Lutz, A. S., & Sisti, D. (2020). Ethical advocacy across the autism spectrum: Beyond partial representation. The American journal of bioethics, 20(4), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1730482
Napolitano, A., Schiavi, S., La Rosa, P., Rossi-Espagnet, M. C., Petrillo, S., Bottino, F., … & Vicari, S. (2022). Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: diagnostic, neurobiological, and behavioral features. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 889636.
Pistollato, F., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Iglesias, R. C., Ruiz, R., Zabaleta, M. E., Cianciosi, D., … & Battino, M. (2020). Pharmacological, non-pharmacological and stem cell therapies for the management of autism spectrum disorders: A focus on human studies. Pharmacological Research, 152, 104579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104579
Potter, L. A., Scholze, D. A., Biag, H. M. B., Schneider, A., Chen, Y., Nguyen, D. V., … & Hagerman, R. J. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of sertraline in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00810 The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Study Guide

The Incidence
• According to WHO, in every 100 children, 1 has autism (Pistollato et al., 2020).
• People living with autism vary in that some can live independently while others require lifetime care as well as support. Its prevalence in low-income countries is unknown.
Development and Course

Some children with autism show the symptoms in the first twelve (12) months of life while others may show later in life. Some children gain skills until the age of 12 months, and they stop gaining them or lose the already learned skills. The symptoms begin three years before a child’s development, but they can improve as time goes by.
The causes are not well known but could be caused by some genes. These children could have brain structure problems and chemical imbalances in their brains. Additionally, it is not from the vaccines administered to children. It is, however, caused by toxins exposure at birth or during birth, infections like encephalitis or meningitis that cause brain damage, as well as infections during birth.
Includes obesity, depression, ADHD, Sleep disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety, gastrointestinal disorders, seizures, and eating challenges. The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment

References
Augustyn, M., & von Hahn, L. E. (2020). Patient education: Autism spectrum disorder (Beyond the Basics).
Hens, K., Robeyns, I., & Schaubroeck, K. (2019). The ethics of autism. Philosophy Compass, 14(1), e12559. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12559
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., … & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 6(1), 1-23.
McCoy, M. S., Liu, E. Y., Lutz, A. S., & Sisti, D. (2020). Ethical advocacy across the autism spectrum: Beyond partial representation. The American journal of bioethics, 20(4), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1730482
Napolitano, A., Schiavi, S., La Rosa, P., Rossi-Espagnet, M. C., Petrillo, S., Bottino, F., … & Vicari, S. (2022). Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: diagnostic, neurobiological, and behavioral features. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 889636.
Pistollato, F., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Iglesias, R. C., Ruiz, R., Zabaleta, M. E., Cianciosi, D., … & Battino, M. (2020)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment. Pharmacological, non-pharmacological and stem cell therapies for the management of autism spectrum disorders: A focus on human studies. Pharmacological Research, 152, 104579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104579
Potter, L. A., Scholze, D. A., Biag, H. M. B., Schneider, A., Chen, Y., Nguyen, D. V., … & Hagerman, R. J. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of sertraline in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00810

THE ASSIGNMENT
Create a study guide on Autism Spectrum Disorder . Your study guide should be in the form of an outline with references, and you should incorporate visual elements such as concept maps, charts, diagrams, images, color coding, mnemonics, and/or flashcards. Be creative! It should not be in the format of an APA paper. Your guide should be informed by the DSM-5-TR but also supported by at least three other scholarly resources.
Areas of importance you should address, but are not limited to, are: The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment
• Signs and symptoms according to the DSM-5-TR
• Differential diagnoses
• Incidence
• Development and course
• Prognosis
• Considerations related to culture, gender, age
• Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects
• Nonpharmacological treatments
• Diagnostics and labs
• Comorbidities
• Legal and ethical considerations
• Pertinent patient education considerations

Grading Criteria

Create a study guide, in outline form with references, for your assigned disorder. Incorporate visual elements such as concept maps, charts, diagrams, images, color coding, mnemonics, and/or flashcards.

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Content areas of importance you should address, but are not limited to, are:• Signs and symptoms according to the DSM-5-TR• Differential diagnoses• Incidence• Development and course• Prognosis• Considerations related to culture, gender, age• Pharmacological treatments, including any side effects• Nonpharmacological treatments• Diagnostics and labs• Comorbidities• Legal and ethical considerations• Pertinent patient education considerations.
Support your guide with references to the DSM-5-TR and at least three evidence-based, peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old)The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment.

Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation.
Written Expression and Formatting – The guide follows correct APA format for parenthetical/narrative in-text citations and reference list The Study Guide On Autism Spectrum Disorder Assignment