The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment

The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment

Through this assignment, the student will identify an actual clinical problem supported with internal data from their clinical practice setting. A PICO format question will be formulated to be used as search terms for the research literature later in the course. The PICO described in this paper may or may not end up being the intervention ultimately selected following your review of the literature, but the PICO question initiates the terms used to search for the best evidence to support a solution to the clinical problem. The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment

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The purpose of this paper is to present everything you can about the clinical problem chosen. The clinical problem must have a link to patient outcomes/population health. This paper is not about your project or the intervention. Stay focused on the problem!

Overweight and obesity have become a clinical problem in the United States for a variety of reasons. First, the average American diet has changed dramatically over the last several decades and is now much higher in calories and fat than it was in the past. This change in diet, combined with a more sedentary lifestyle, has led to an increase in the number of Americans who are overweight or obese (Chooi, Ding & Magkos, 2019)The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment. Second, being overweight or obese can lead to a number of health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and stroke, and these health problems can be costly to treat and can lead to premature death. In addition, being overweight or obese can also lead to a number of other problems, such as joint pain, sleep apnea, and respiratory problems. Finally, the stigma attached to being overweight or obese can lead to discrimination and can make it difficult for people to obtain employment, housing, and healthcare. This discrimination can make it even harder for people who are overweight or obese to lose weight and improve their health.

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to both men and women between the ages of 18 and 65 years. BMI is an important tool for clinicians because it is a simple, reliable indicator of whether a person is at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese. According to Caleyachetty et al. (2021), A BMI above 25 is considered overweight, and a BMI above 30 is considered obese. Further, in the researchers’ discussion of the BMI metric, they added that BMI is a good predictor of body fatness because it is correlated with direct measures of body fat, such as skinfold thickness measurements, bioelectrical impedance, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). An important aspect of the BMI is that it is a strong predictor of health risks associated with being overweight or obese, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease and this is what draws the attention of clinical practitioners.

Commenting on the increased use of BMI in clinical practices, Heslehurst et al. (2019) cautioned that despite the many benefits associated with the metric, there are a few limitations. In view of this, the researchers pointed out that BMI does not directly measure body fat, so it is not as accurate as other methods, such as skinfold thickness measurements, bioelectrical impedance, and DXA. In addition, BMI does not take into account body composition, so it may overestimate body fatness in people who are muscular, and it may underestimate body fatness in people who have a lot of body fat but are not overweight or obese. Despite these two limitations, BMI is a useful tool for clinicians because it is a simple, reliable indicator of whether a person is at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese. The tool has become very helpful to clinicians in identifying people who are at risk for health problems associated with being overweight or obese, and it can be used to track changes in weight over time. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether providing education on diet and exercise to people with a BMI of over 25 helps them reduce their eating and lifestyle habits ultimately leading to a decline in the BMI score. The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment

Background

A BMI of over 25 is associated with an increased risk of developing health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Chooi, Ding and Magkos (2019) mentioned that these highlighted health problems are a burden on both the individual and the healthcare system, by addressing this issue now will help reduce the incidence of these health problems in the future. There are a number of reasons why addressing a BMI of over 25, or more specifically the issue of overweight and obesity, is important. First, it is associated with an increased risk of developing the health problems mentioned above. Second, these health problems are a burden on both the individual and the healthcare system as huge prices are paid for seeking various forms of treatment. Third, addressing the issue of overweight and obesity would help alleviate the incidence of these health problems in the future. One way that clinical practitioners can help address the issue of overweight and obesity is to promote healthy eating and physical activity among patients. This can be done through education, public awareness campaigns, and policy changes. Another way is to provide access to weight loss treatments, such as surgery and medication. According to Chooi, Ding and Magkos (2019), it is important to address the issue of overweight and to monitor patients with a BMI of over 25 now because of the associated health risks and the burden that these health problems place on the individual, the healthcare system and the economy as a whole is more than people recognize.

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The United States has long had a problem with overweight citizens. In the past, various programs have been put in place in an attempt to address the issue with some of these programs succeeding while others less so. One of the earliest programs was the National Weight Control Registry, which was created in 1994. This program tracked the weight loss of over 10,000 people who had lost at least 30 pounds and kept it off for at least one year. The registry found that the most successful participants used a combination of diet and exercise to lose weight and maintain their weight loss. A second ambitious program was the National Institutes of Health which created the “We Can!” program, which stands for “Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity and Nutrition.” This program is aimed at children aged 8-13, and their families. The program provided information and resources on healthy eating and physical activity among the target populations and also offered support to families who were making efforts to adjust their lifestyles. While some of these programs have been more successful than others, they all offer valuable information and resources to those who are trying to make a change in their diet and eating habits The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment.

The obesity and overweight epidemic in the United States is a complex problem with many dimensions. The challenges in addressing obesity are multifaceted and include individual, social, economic, and policy factors. Individual-level factors include personal behaviors and choices, such as diet and physical activity. The healthcare system in the US today is more engaged in trying to educate and create awareness about the risks associated with obesity and why it is crucial for people to review their eating habits and engage in physical activities. Social factors include family, friends, and community influences. According to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2019), the environment in which an individual’s life has a direct impact on their eating habits and perceptions of overweight and obesity. Efforts to inculcate a culture of healthy eating and physical exercise are often hampered by these social environments. Economic factors include food and beverage availability and cost, as well as time and resources for physical activity. Policy factors include local, state, and federal policies that impact food and physical activity environments. The obesity epidemic cannot be addressed effectively without a comprehensive, multi-sector approach that includes all of these factors. Individual-level interventions must be supported by social and environmental changes that make healthy choices easier and more affordable. And policy changes are needed to create healthier food and physical activity environments.

Significance

Overweight patients are significant to clinical practice for a variety of reasons. First and foremost, overweight patients are at an increased risk for developing a number of chronic health conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. This means that clinicians need to be extra vigilant in monitoring the health of overweight patients and providing them with the necessary resources to maintain a healthy lifestyle. What’s more, overweight patients often have difficulty accessing quality healthcare due to systemic barriers, such as discrimination and lack of insurance coverage making it difficult for clinicians to provide them with the care they need. Additionally, overweight patients may have difficulty following treatment plans such as engaging in physical exercises and reviewing their diets or may be less likely to adhere to medication regimens. in view of this, Chooi, Ding, and Magkos (2019) have noted that this leads to poorer health outcomes and increased costs for both the patient and the healthcare system. Given the increased risk for chronic disease and the numerous challenges that overweight patients face in accessing quality care, clinicians need to be aware of the unique needs of this population. For instance, they should be prepared to provide patients with the resources and support they need to maintain a healthy weight and prevent or manage chronic health conditions.

Obesity and overweight are serious medical conditions that can lead to numerous health problems discussed in the sections above. Losing weight through changes in diet and engaging in physical activities helps reduce the risk of developing these conditions and also helps improve overall health (Caleyachetty et al., 2021). In addition to improving physical health, addressing obesity can also have positive effects on a patient’s mental health. Studies have shown that obese individuals are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety and by losing weight, their self-belief, attitude, and self-esteem improve in tandem. Overweight individuals from different parts of the world and also in the US have demonstrated that they are more likely to miss work days, which can lead to lost productivity and decreased earnings. By losing weight, obese individuals can improve their attendance and performance at work. Addressing obesity is important for both individual and public health. Individuals who are obese often face serious health risks, but making even small changes in weight can have significant health benefits. Studies from researchers in the US have sown that reducing obesity can also lead to reduced healthcare costs, improved productivity, and improved mental health.

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of death from many causes, including heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Lange et al. (2021) have reported that obesity is the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States, after smoking. In general, the more obese a person is, the greater their risk of dying prematurely. For example, obese people are about twice as likely to die from heart disease as people of normal weight. There are many reasons why obesity increases the risk of death. One is that obese people are more likely to develop chronic diseases. Another is that obesity can cause problems with the way the body functions, such as difficulty breathing or sleeping. What’s more, obesity can lead to social isolation and other mental health problems, which can in turn increase the risk of death. When it comes to health care, treating overweight and obesity can have a positive impact on a person’s financial status. For one, obesity is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases which are expensive to treat, so by maintaining a healthy weight, people can avoid these costly treatments. In addition, obesity can lead to lost productivity and increased absenteeism from work, which can also have a negative impact on a person’s finances. By treating obesity, people can improve their health and avoid these costly consequences.

PICO Question

A PICO question is a question used in evidence-based practice that helps to structure a clinical question. The question is typically made up of four parts: patient population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. It is used to help narrow down a clinical question to make it more answerable and specific. It is used in evidence-based practice because it is a structured way to ask a clinical question (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2019)The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment. Breaking down the question into four parts, helps to focus the question and make it more answerable. It also allows for a more systematic search of the literature, which can lead to more reliable evidence. Further, the PICO question can be a useful tool for clinicians when they are trying to determine the best course of treatment for their patients. By asking a specific question, they can more easily find the evidence they need to make an informed decision.

PICO questions are used to facilitate evidence-based decision-making (Heslehurst et al., 2019). The question is typically composed of four elements: population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. Asking a PICO question can help clinicians quickly identify the best available evidence to answer a clinical question. These questions are particularly helpful when time is limited, as they help to focus the search for evidence. Moreover, asking a PICO question helps to ensure that the best available evidence is being considered when making a clinical decision. There is evidence to suggest that PICO questions help improve the quality of care. Numerous studies as suggested by Lange et al. (2021) have found that clinicians who used PICO questions were more likely to adhere to clinical practice guidelines. Other studies have found that PICO questions were associated with a reduction in the use of unnecessary diagnostic tests. Overall, PICO questions are a resourceful and helpful tool for clinicians to use when making evidence-based decisions. Asking a PICO question helps focus the search for evidence and ensure that the best available evidence is being considered. Ultimately, the use of and approach of the PICO question model has helped improve healthcare quality and patient outcomes.

Drawing from this, the PICO question that will guide this paper is: In patients with a Body Mass Index greater than 25, does education in diet and exercise, compared to no education reduce Body Mass Index? Organized in a PICO question format;

P: Patients with a Body Mass Index greater than 25

I: Education in diet and exercise

C: No education

O: Reduce Body Mass Index

The population for this study is patients with a Body Mass Index greater than 25. The intervention being studied is education in diet and exercise. The control group is receiving no education. The outcome being measured is the reduction in Body Mass Index.

Conclusion

In a few words, obesity and being overweight have become prevalent in many parts of the developed world and more so in the United States and this has impacted clinical practice in a number of ways. In an effort to curb this runaway social epidemic, intervention measures such as the use of Body Mass Index (BMI) to monitor and advise patients have been developed and adopted. BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight with the recommended score placed at 25 or below. this tool is used to screen patients to determine whether they are overweight or obese. Overweight and obese patients are risk factors for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. It emerged that about two-thirds of adults and one-third of children and adolescents in the United States alone are overweight or obese and these could be controlled or reversed in the long term if people are encouraged to change their lifestyles by engaging in physical activities and maintaining a healthy diet. To help address the issue of obesity and being overweight, a PICO question was developed which suggests an intervention for exercising and eating healthy food. A PICO is a question format used to guide clinical research. It is relevant to the issue of overweight and obesity because it can be used to formulate questions about the prevalence of overweight and obesity, risk factors for overweight and obesity, and the impact of overweight and obesity on health. The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment

References

Caleyachetty, R., Barber, T. M., Mohammed, N. I., Cappuccio, F. P., Hardy, R., Mathur, R., … & Gill, P. (2021). Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 9(7), 419-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7

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Chooi, Y. C., Ding, C., & Magkos, F. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism, 92, 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005

Heslehurst, N., Vieira, R., Akhter, Z., Bailey, H., Slack, E., Ngongalah, L., … & Rankin, J. (2019). The association between maternal body mass index and child obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine, 16(6), e1002817. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002817

Lange, S. J., Kompaniyets, L., Freedman, D. S., Kraus, E. M., Porter, R., Blanck, H. M., & Goodman, A. B. (2021). Longitudinal trends in body mass index before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among persons aged 2–19 years—United States, 2018–2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(37), 1278. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7037a3

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2019). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer

Clinical Problem – In patients with a Body Mass Index greater than 25, does education in diet and exercise, compared to no education reduce Body Mass Index.

This assignment focuses on the initial steps of evidence-based practice (EBP) as described in chapters of your textbook:

Melnyk, B., & Fineout-Overholt, E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Wolters Kluwer.

This is a scholarly paper. Scholarly papers are to be written in APA 7^th Edition format. Evaluation of the assignment will focus on content and demonstrated writing skills. In order to be successful on this assignment, students must demonstrate scholarly writing skills consistent with doctoral level work. Students may elect or may be required by course faculty to work with a writing specialist. This is accessible through the Chatham University Writing Support Services (see Course Material and Resource block)The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment. Students may be required to submit all assignments to a writing specialist before submitting their work to faculty for evaluation and grading. Allow enough time for writing specialist’s turnaround time. Students may also elect to use a private writing tutor or editor to help with their writing.

Required content and format of the problem identification assignment should include but is not limited to the following items:

Introduction (10 points). Introduce the clinical problem from a global perspective, explaining why this is a concern. Then narrow in on clinical problem of interest within your facility. Include a purpose statement at the end of the paragraph introducing the purpose of the paper (identify and describe a clinical problem). Please note the title (level 1 header) preceding this section is the same title as listed on the cover page. DO NOT use a header titled “Introduction” for this is assumed.
Background (15 points). This includes information regarding the problem of interest. Students should approach from a global or national level/concern then drill down to the localized institutional problem. Share the risk factors or causes associated with the problem. Share barriers to addressing the problem. Provide supporting evidence to demonstrate that the clinical problem exists or is a concern within the facility where you will be doing your project. If available, share data from your site, region, or national databases supporting the problem. Do not name your practice site; just describe it thoroughly.
Significance (15 points). Share the significance of the problem of interest for clinical practice. Explain why it is important this problem needs to be addressed on a global/national level then drill down to your localized institutional problem. Share the rates of the problem including any morbidity/mortality statistics, if applicable. Associate some financial value to this. Describe how correcting this problem impacts financial status and may improve patient/health care outcomes (do not share your chosen intervention yet though),

PICO question (10 points). Introduce/explain what the PICO acronym means and why it is utilized within EBP (e.g. to search the literature). Present the question that will guide the inquiry into the research literature in PICO format. (The “Time” of “T” aspect is optional since the Chatham projects are limited within 10-12 weeks.)The Problem Of Overweight And Obesity Assignment

Develop a paragraph about each aspect of this acronym from your PICO question. Each paragraph should clearly align the patient population, a possible intervention, and intended outcome(s).

These PICO elements will serve as the search terms for your later research literature review. The purpose of the literature review will be to uncover possible interventions you can use at your site to address the problem. Your PICO may or may not include the intervention (I) you ultimately select.

Conclusion (5 points).

Written in current 7^th ed. APA format (10 points).

Correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation (10 points).

Organization and presentation of content (10 points).

Properly name your file prior to uploading. Use the following format:

Last name_ First name Title of Assignment

Ex. Hunker_ Diane ProblemID Paper

This paper should be approximately 8-10 pages (not including cover page or references).

Use the Problem Identification TEMPLATE created in MS Word. It is located in the Course Materials and Resources.

Rubric for Problem Identification Paper= 85 points (30% of final grade)

*Grading Criteria*	*Possible Points 85*	*Student Score*
Introduction	10
Background	15
Significance	15
PICO	10
Conclusion	5
Written in APA (7^th edition) format.	10
Correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation.	10
Organization and presentation of content.	10
*Total*	85