The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper

Ozone Depletion

1.0 Section 1: Introduction

There are a growing list of events and circumstances where human activities have had detrimental consequences on the environment. Ozone depletion or ozone layer damage is considered a key environmental issue associated with the increased emissions of harmful greenhouse gases such as the halons, sulphate aerosols, nitrogen oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere (Barnes et al., 2022). Multiple causes of ozone depletion and consequences have been extensively examined in the literature amidst concerns over variations in the perspectives held by the various stakeholders regarding the severity of this particular problem. On a scientific level, the controversy surrounding stratospheric ozone depletion have primarily revolved around the greater need for accurate and evidence-based studies that demonstrate a global thinning of the ozone layer and clarification of the uncertainties pertaining to this environmental problem (Mohr, 2021). On the other hand, policymakers and environmental advocates at the national and global levels have attempted to determine and respond to the legal and environmental impacts of the ozone depletion challenge (World Meteorological Organization, 2021)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper. One particularly daunting question has emerged: Is there convergence or divergence in the various narratives currently advanced regarding the policy issue of ozone depletion?  This paper seeks to the centrality of ozone depletion as one of the most significant environmental challenge of the modern world, particularly due to its association with climate change, global warming and the detrimental implications on the environment and human health. Strong emphasis is placed on exploring both empirical and conceptual evidence on this policy issue, and to provide a summary of at least three narratives advanced by the different stakeholders regarding this controversial environmental issue, further highlighting its severity and acceptable solutions. To achieve this, the paper is divided into three main sections.

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2.0 Section 2: Narratives

2.1 The Science of Stratospheric Ozone

The scientific narrative is no doubt one of the most dominant perspectives advanced to provide explanations to the issue of ozone layer damage. Hill (2020) agreed that a universally-shared consensus has apparently gained traction in the international scientific community that humanly-induced chemical changes in the stratosphere (situated between 10 and 50 kilometers above the ground) are in part or in whole, largely responsible for the ozone depletion. Similar sentiments are shared by Chatterjee (2022) who argued that stratospheric ozone scientists have over the years developed, refined and tested a range of theories and models to investigate the causes and implications of stratospheric ozone loss and the degree to which a range of human activities (industrial manufacturing, deforestation, burning of biomass, agricultural activities, combustion of fossil fuels) may be disrupting the ozone layer. As a result, these man-made disturbances are heavily responsible for the ozone layer modifications by chemical catalytic processes of chlorine, nitrogen, hydrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and other harmful emissions (Barnes et al., 2022)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper. Scientists have revealed that the significant increase in atmospheric concentration of these greenhouse gases might undermine the production-and-loss balance, triggering a series of events that threatens the stability of the Ozone layer in the polar vortex and other affects parts of the atmospheric ozone.

Considering that the Ozone layer plays a fundamental role in terms of shielding the earth from dangerous and harmful solar radiation, scientific observations have indicated that long-term transformations in the global distribution of Ozone might be attributed to both human activities and the natural photochemical reactions, with scientific projections anticipating a 0.5% shrinking of the ozone layer per annum (Hart & Compton, 2019). Nevertheless, whilst the use of depletion models and theories by scientists often leads to variations in the reduction of ozone layer in different parts of the world, there are still noteworthy contestations in the international scientific community regarding the cause of the ozone hole over Antarctica by more than 4 million square kilometers, and the extent to which man-made chlorofluorocarbons might be responsible for the ozone depletion (Fang et al., 2019).  Based on the scientific narrative, the results of ozone depletion include increased ultraviolet radiation due to the thinning of the ozone layer, and this has been associated with a myriad of serious health problems including increased risk of skin cancer, reduced crop production, climate changes and global warming (Chatterjee, 2022). Therefore, the findings presented by leaders and other key stakeholders in the ecological, physiological and meteorological sciences have strongly emphasized the severity of ozone layer damage as a serious environmental policy issue that requires genuine commitment to find a practical and working solution to the ozone depletion problem.

With regards to acceptable solutions, the scientific narrative emphasizes the idea that CFCs play a major role in exacerbating the problem of ozone deterioration. Hammitt (2019) pointed out that the scientific community has consistently called for immediate and long-term actions aimed at minimizing the emission of chemicals suspected of causing this particular environmental issue into the atmosphere. Similar sentiments are shared by Mohr (2021) who noted that efforts aimed at reducing the emissions of ozone-destructing substances in the atmosphere through adoption of reasonable reduction technologies as well as enforcement of legislation may help to reduce ozone concentrations in polluted regions, thereby averting the costly effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. From the scientific perspective, an acceptable solution to the problem of ozone depletion must integrate be informed by collective action, guided by science, to stop the use of ozone-depleting chemicals and emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (Hill, 2020)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper. The use of surveillance satellites and ground-based observing stations by different institutions and organizations such as NASA, and others may also help to offer near-real time analyses and information on the changing levels of ozone at different areas of the stratosphere, the dimensions and location of the ozone depleted region (Hart & Compton, 2019). Therefore, the scientific narrative calls for comprehensive monitoring as well as continued observations and vigilance of the concentrations of the global greenhouse gases, and their contribution to extreme meteorological conditions in different parts of the world including North America, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere.

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2.1 The Environmental Movement and the Ozone Depletion Story

The narrative advanced by proponents of the environmental movement regarding the problem of ozone depletion has equally been extensively discussed in the reviewed literature findings. Neale et al. (2020) established that a majority of environmentalists have continued to pinpoint the existing relationship between man-made pollution and ozone depletion as a dangerous atmospheric problem. Similar to the scientific narrative, the environmentalist critique of greenhouse gases has been focused on exemplifying the connection between CFCs and the subsequent deteriorating of the ozone layer. In this context, the narrative advanced by those in support of the environmental movement sought to position the major manufacturers of chlorofluorocarbons as the key culprits behind this particular environmental issue, and hence any attempt to tackling this policy-level problem can only be realized if substitutes for the compounds responsible for causing the ozone layer damage are developed, marketed and used to stop the worsening of the ozone layer depletion problem (Ca Canan et al., 2015). Similarly, Sivasakthivel and Reddy (2011) claimed that the narrative advanced by the environmentalists sought to reveal that the growing amounts of CFCs pumped into the atmosphere by humankind due to the increased usage of substances containing CFCs as coolant gases in air conditioners and refrigerants, and also the propellants in spray forms, aerosols and other products contributed to the environmental degradation occurring in the upper atmosphere. Hammitt (2019) added that the detrimental effects of UV rays on the environment and life on earth is a clear indication that ozone depletion is a top priority environmental issue that might be behind the occurrence of extreme climate conditions, including global warming. As such, the narrative advanced by the environmentalists captures the notions that stratospheric depletion is irrefutable, and hence any attempt aimed at tackling this problem must take into consideration the need to mitigate the environmental effects of the CFC-stratospheric ozone layer damage.

With regards to acceptable solutions, the narrative advanced within the cycles of the environmental movement equally calls for the elimination of the production and distribution of all CFCs, and implementation of concerted action to mitigate the likely environmental harms from a damaged ozone layer. Waxman (2019) indicated that the environmental movement played a major role in the crafting and implementation of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances Thad Deplete the Ozone Layer (also known as the Montreal Protocol), which sought to impose a strict CFC ban, and to eliminate the production and use of the suspected ozone-depleting substances resulting from industrial activities. Therefore, strict compliance with the key provisions of the Montreal Protocol may represent an acceptable solution aimed at facilitating sustained recovery of the natural concentration of ozone in the stratosphere, an important step that might help to alleviate the negative environmental outcomes associated with the ozone depletion (Ca Canan et al., 2015). Mohr (2021) asserted that the long-term monitoring of the environment is integral to measuring the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and to informing evidence-based interventions aimed at preserving the ozone layer from further damage due to irresponsible human activities. Therefore, the narrative advanced by the environmental movement since the 1980s has over time inspired urgent government action but also called for a complete overhaul of the energy system as well as implementation of appropriate technologies to tackle ozone depletion as one of the globe’s greatest environmental crises. Equally, environmentalists have over time called for the use of alternatives to CFCs in air conditioning, refrigeration, fire suppression applications, and industrial production, with the most viable alternatives being hydrochloroflurocarboms (HCFCs) and hydroflurocarbons (HFCs) (Ali et al., 2017). Nevertheless, there is still immense controversy regarding these alternatives and hence the phasing out of these controlled substances should be deemed an acceptable preventive measure for ozone depletion. In a different study, Brune (2015)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper stated that the destruction of ozone depleting substances through a number of techniques such as catalytic incineration, thermal incineration, metal and chemical scrubbing, electrical and chemical processes as well as wet air oxidation might act as environmentally-friendly solutions to destroying many of the substances suspected of contributing to ozone layer damage. Combined with significant changes in household practices and lifestyles, the environmentalist narrative calls for total ban on the use of ozone-depleting substances, and the adoption of an International Environmental Constitution and a dynamic and comprehensive Environmental Defense Force to protect and preserve the Ozone layer for the ecological health of planet earth and for future generations (Barnes et al., 2022; World Meteorological Organization, 2021; UNEP, 2019).

2.3 Policy Response to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

The policy-driven narrative regarding the Ozone depletion problem also captures some of the key causes and effects of ozone layer damage and some of the interventions that can be implemented to respond to one of the most pressing environmental crisis in the modern age. The problem of ozone layer deterioration gained prominence as a key policy issue in the United States and other western countries (UNEP, 2019). Neale et al. (2020) explained that ozone depletion emerged as a serious political concern in the 1970s that was primarily attributed to a myriad of human activities and natural processes including CFC generation and consumption, supersonic aircraft, utilization of nitrogen fertilizers, nuclear warfare and agricultural production. The increased calls for political action to alleviate the ozone depletion problem paved the way for the emergency of the policy-making narrative that sought to unravel the existing connection between human operations and their implications on the environment, and life on the planet (Nunez, 2019). As such, the policy recommendations aimed at promoting the recovery of the stratospheric ozone hole largely focused on the need for implementation of international agreements and regulations to respond to this environmental crisis as both a domestic and international political issue (Mohr, 2021). The World Meteorological Organization (2021) articulated that the policy-driven narrative gained momentum following the significant developments in the scientific comprehension of the Ozone depletion problem; widening public concern over this particular issue and the detrimental effects on human health, flora and fauna and the natural environment; the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole due to lifetime build-up of CFCs; the widespread production and consumption of CFCs, and the growing presence of acceptable and less harmful substitutes for the ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and components (Waxman, 2019)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper.  Combined, the policy response to the ozone layer damage issue appears to have been informed by the growing international consensus and rigorous science that linked the emissions of ODSs and CFCs to the destruction of at least two thirds of the Ozone layer by 2065.

Other findings on the policy-driven narrative showed that the problem of ozone depletion came to the limelight following early warnings given by vigilant scientists, politicians and other high-level stakeholders who attempted to demonstrate to governments and other key policymakers on the dangers of greenhouse emissions and ODSs 25 years ago (Hill, 2020). Fang et al. (2019) mentioned that the detrimental implications of UV-B radiation on human health, biological life, natural ecosystems, agriculture and the environment may be explained by the manner in which widespread emissions of greenhouse cares contribute to global warming and other effects of climate change including intensification of storms, desertification, rising sea levels, and transformations in temperature and precipitation distributions (Nunez, 2019).  Research on the policy response to ozone depletion emphasized the critical important of government-industry cooperation in continuously enhancing the environmental performance of key industries and sectors implicated in the saga surrounding the increased emission of ODSs and CFCs into the upper atmosphere.

With regards to acceptable solutions, the policy-driven narrative provides vital information and insights into how this environmental crisis can be resolved as a global political issue with significant ramifications on the economic, diplomatic ties and industrial standings of both developed and emerging economies (World Meteorological Organization, 2021). Mohr (2021) established that strict enforcement of the Montréal Protocol by all the ratified UN member states has over the last three decades helped to facilitate the recovery of the Antarctic ozone due to the reduced production and use of CFCs. Brune (2015) asserted that the enactment of the Montreal Protocol and its Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer provided a universal policy-level intervention aimed at tackling some of the anthropogenic threats to stratospheric ozone layer. Other key legislative interventions such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol  and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016 also sought to expand the list of controlled substances (CFCs and HCFCs) and greenhouse cases (methane, carbon dioxide, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide), and to significantly avert the accumulation of these ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases in the stratosphere through slashing the production and use of CFCs and HFCs by more than 80% over a three-decade duration (World Meteorological Organization, 2021; Hart & Compton, 2019). These findings indicated that the sustained and complete recovery of the ozone layer in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres may be made possible by strict adherence to the Montreal pact (Hart & Compton, 2019)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper. Equally, the continuous monitoring of the ozone layer by scientists and other key organizations and institutions to determine some of the key areas under the identified anthropogenic threats, and what can be done to ensure the adoption of climate-friendly alternatives to eliminate or reduce the widespread dependence on harmful chemicals.

3.0 Section 3: Interpretation

This research paper critically explored three narratives regarding the problem of ozone depletion, and the extent to which this environmental crisis evolved into a major policy issue at the national and international levels. With regards to convergence, the identified narratives namely: the scientific narrative, the environmentalist narrative and the policy-driven narrative, sought to portray the ozone layer depletion as a major environmental challenge of international concern (Barnes  et al., 2022). A key point of convergence in these narratives is the common understanding that human activities are largely to blame for the deterioration of the Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Hill (2020) mentioned that a majority of scientists, government authorities, policymakers, and environmentalists share the perspective that increased production and consumption of ODSs and emission of CFCs into the atmosphere have over the years played a major role in the global climate changes, including the policy issue of ozone depletion. Similarly, Hammitt (2019) highlighted that significant decline in the levels of Ozone might have detrimental implications on the effectiveness of the shield provided by the ozone layer against UV-B radiation, and hence ozone depletion exposes the humankind and the environment to the severe consequences of ultraviolet radiation. Both the reviewed narratives acknowledged that continued emissions of CFCs and other harmful substances and chemicals into the atmosphere carry the greater potential to trigger severe changes to the stratospheric ozone and climate (Mohr, 2021). Therefore, these narratives attempted to elucidate the adverse effects on environmental life and human and animal health as well as the interactive implications of ozone depletion, climate change and UV radiation (Neale et al., 2020). All the reviewed alternatives focused on providing a consensual view of the ozone depletion problem, and exploring the effects of ozone depletion and subsequently of UV-B radiation on human and animal health, terrestrial plants, air quality, materials, ultraviolet radiation and climate change. Moreover, the narratives appear to hold similar ideas on the acceptable solutions, which scientists, environmentalists and policymakers emphasized the importance of phasing down CFCs and ODSs, and the development of advanced technologies to enhance the monitoring and vigilance of areas considered to be at risk of experiencing ozone depletion (World Meteorological Organization, 2021)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper. Similarly, these narratives also emphasized the greater need for multi-stakeholder collaboration in the development and implementation of control measures and preventive measures as well as environmental management and assessment and other supporting interventions to tackle the ozone-depletion problem.

In terms of divergence, the reviewed narratives as presented by stratospheric ozone scientists, proponents of environmental movements and policymakers sought to provide different ideas regarding the acceptable solutions to this important environmental crisis. Whilst the scientific narrative called for the development of new and more environmentally-friendly chemicals and technologies, the environmentalist narrative criticized many of the developed countries for their persistent degradation of the environment through rampant emission of greenhouse cases and ODSs (Fang et al., 2019). Equally, the policy-driven narrative advanced a different viewpoint that viewed the ozone layer damage as a global problem which does not reflect the frontiers between the various countries, and hence ant acceptable solution can only be attained through concerted international co-operation (Waxman, 2019). Moreover, the divergent views presented in the three narratives on the effects and acceptable solutions to the problem of ozone deterioration revealed the complexities surrounding this particular environmental challenge at the legislative, institutional, regulatory and policy-levels. Nevertheless, all the narratives made attempts to amplify the positive lessons from the Montreal Protocol, the Kyoto Protocol, and other international conventions and treaties currently adopted to address the anthropogenic threats to the ozone layer from CFCs and ODSs (Mohr, 2021).  Whilst the policy-driven narrative recognized the necessity for strong leadership in identifying and responding to the many issues surrounding the ozone depletion problem, the scientific narrative attempted to recognize and uphold the role of science and scientists in uncovering the causes, effects and solutions to the problem of ozone depletion (Chatterjee, 2022)The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper. On the other hand, the narrative advanced by the environmental movements sought to pain the severe and dire consequences of ozone layer damage, and the greater need for all the involved stakeholders conduct comprehensive reassessments of the scientific, ecological, technological and economic components relating to ozone depletion.

4.0 Conclusion

The findings presented in this report covered different narratives on the issue of ozone layer damage. Right from the scientific narrative, the environmentalist narrative and the policy-driven narrative, the report explored some of the key ideas, arguments and debates surrounding the rise of Ozone depletion as a global and international policy issue with significant ramifications on the economic, social, ecological, environmental and technological areas of human societies and on the planet as a whole. Strong emphasis was also placed on interpreting the points of convergence and divergence in the ideas presented by the stakeholders on all sides of the debates related to ozone depletion as one of the greatest environmental crisis facing modern societies. The findings presented in this paper revealed that human activities are largely responsible for the increased emissions and accumulation of ODSs and CFCs in the stratosphere, and hence any attempt to tackle this pertinent environmental issue must begin genuine commitment on the part of both developed and emerging countries to find and implement alternatives to these chemicals and substances. Equally, strict enforcement of the Montreal Pact and other global-level interventions emerged as one of the acceptable solution to the ozone depletion problem, alongside continuous monitoring and vigilance, adoption of relevant technologies and systems and continued investment in scientific projects and other evidence-based programs aimed at tackling the effects associated with ozone layer damage and other negative climatic changes The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper.

References

Ali, S.A., Ali, A.A., & Suhail, N. (2017).Ozone Depletion, a Big Threat to Climate Change: What can be Done? Global Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, 1-6.

Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J. et al. (2022). Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021. Photochem Photobiol Science, 21, 275–301 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-022-00176-5

Brune, W.H. (2015).The ozone story: A model for addressing climate change? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096340214563685

Ca Canan, P.P., Anderson, S.O., Reichman, N., & Gareau, B.J. (2015).Introduction to the special issue on ozone layer protection and climate change: the extraordinary experience of building the Montreal Protocol, lessons learned, and hopes for future climate change efforts. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 5(2).DOI: www.10.1007/s13412-015-0224-1

Chatterjee, K. (2022). Atmospheric ozone monitoring in the Indian network in view of possibility of damage to the biosphere due to distortion of ozone layer. Mausam, 37(4), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i4.2568

Fang, X., Pyle, J.A, & Chipperfield, M.P. (2019).Challenges for the recovery of the ozone layer. Nature Geoscience, 12 (8), 592-596.

Hammitt, J. K. (2019). Timing responses to potential stratospheric ozone depletion. Probability is All We Have, 71-74. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429199929-8

Hart, P. & Compton, M. (2019).Great Policy Successes. Oxford Scholarship Online. DOI: www.10.1093/oso/9780198843719.001.0001

Hill, M.K. (2020).Stratospheric ozone depletion. Understanding Environmental Pollution, 192-205. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108395021.010

Mohr, C. (2021).When science and politics come together: From depletion to recovery of the stratospheric ozone hole. Ambio, 50, 31–34 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01427-4

Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M. et al.(2020). Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Science, 20, 1–67 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x

Nunez, c. (2019).Ozone depletion, explained. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/ozone-depletion

Sivasakthivel, T. & Reddy, S.K. (2011).Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 2(1), 1-9.

UNEP, (2019).Environmental Effects and Interactions of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate Change. https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/EEAP_assessment-report-2018%20%282%29.pdf

Waxman, O.B. (2019).In the 1980s, the World Acted to Save the Ozone Layer. Here’s Why the Fight Against Climate Change Is Different. https://time.com/5681661/climate-change-ozone-history/

World Meteorological Organization, (2021).Ozone layer recovery is an environmental success story. https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/ozone-layer-recovery-environmental-success-story The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper

Imagine that you are a policy analyst and your client has just asked you to help explain the landscape of problems and solutions around a specific environmental issue Your job is to recognize that environmental issues can be intensely political issue and therefore likely to lack shared perspectives and, thus, make political awareness a key part of policy rationality. Accordingly, you know that you must start by gaining insight into the kinds of narratives in the debate.

In a 10 – 12 page paper, analyze at least three political narratives related to a political challenge of your choice. To complete your paper, you will use a simplified version of the technique called “content analysis” to identify and summarize the narratives about the problem. The paper focuses squarely on the problem definition step in policy analysis and the more politically-aware assessment techniques.

Divide your paper into these four sections.

Section 1. Introduction (1 page)

As an introduction to your reader, briefly summarize the little disputed details about surrounding your topic. Was there consensus around when the issue occurred or the severity of the problem being addressed? Do this assuming that your reader is intelligent but has not read much news about this issue at all.

Section 2. Narratives (2-4 pages)

The middle section of your memo is the focus of this assignment. It summarizes at least three narratives. Each narrative must include a description of a stakeholder who uses it (e.g., industry, citizen, environmental activist group, etc.), the narrative’s embedded explanation for the policy problem, the meaning of the policy problem based on this narrative, and any solutions to the policy issue likely to be satisfactory for someone using this narrative. (Note: you may need to infer the solutions.) Use the examples in this content analysis guide and Erlingsson & Brysiewicz (2017) as a guide.

Your simplified content analysis means reading and analyzing online materials that offer opinions or “positions” on the oil spill. These can include news articles, blogs, and reports or other resources that you identify. As a starting point, click here to view online resources. The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper

For our simplified content analysis, use these three steps:

Identify Resources: Find a few articles, blogs, etc. that appear to have different viewpoints about the oil spill.
Develop Codes: You will need codes for “the problem,” “responsible parties,” “acceptable solutions,” and “meaning of policy issues”. For example, you might read an environmentalist’s critique of increased Greenhouse Gas Emissions that suggests the problem is “use of fossil fuels” and that argues that the responsible parties are “anyone who drives a car with an internal combustion engine.” A solution consistent with this narrative may be to “shift toward an economy based on alternative energy,” and the overall meaning of the spill may be “bad energy and environmental policy.”
You may identify these positions with the following types of codes. For the problem, you might have “lack of technology,” “unsustainable development,” “slow response,” or “inability to coordinate appropriately.” You would then read texts and determine which of these labels apply. For the responsible parties, you might have “industry”, “government”, or “society” as codes and read texts to see when these labels apply. Further, for causes you might have “bad regulation,” “continued reliance on fossil fuels,” or “company greed.”.

Coding requires at least two passes through your resources. The first one is to develop a set of codes. The second is to apply the set of codes.

Construct Three Narratives: Using online resources and your coding technique, summarize the narratives you have developed. Remember that there should be at least three and you should have at least three sources that help you to construct each of your narratives. Longer resources may contain multiple narratives, but chances are there will be one narrative per resource.
To construct these narratives, you will use a simplified content analysis. Your simplified content analysis means reading and analyzing online materials that offer opinions or “positions” on your selected policy. These can include news articles, blogs, and reports or other resources that you identify. As a starting point, go below to view online resources.

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Section 3. Interpretation

As a conclusion to this paper, analyze the extent to which the narratives you identified are convergent or divergent. Namely, offer your reader an interpretation about whether the narratives offer a view of the problem, the responsible parties, and acceptable solutions. Note that narratives could overlap regarding the problem but have wildly different views about acceptable solutions. Similarly, they might agree on the problem and solutions but hold very different ideas about who is responsible and should be paying for the cleanup.

Section 4. References

List your references for this assignment. As appropriate, also use citations in Sections 1-3 of your paper The Ozone Layer Damage Essay Paper