The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper

The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper

Anxiolytic medications significantly encourage sedation and lessen anxiety and its allied symptoms. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by restlessness, feeling on edge, easily exhausted, inability to concentrate, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbanceâ€”anxiolytic acts on specific receptors to avert the above clinical features demonstrated by persons with generalized anxiety disorder. Benzodiazepines are a major vital treatment for anxiety-related disorders (Gomez, et al., 2019)The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper.

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Benzodiazepines exist and are prescribed in different formulations for all age groups. Benzodiazepines are metabolized by the phase I oxidative CYP enzyme system and phase II glucuronidation. The active metabolite desmethyldiazepam metabolizes long-acting benzodiazepines. The FDA recommends Buspirone and alzopram anxiolytics. All benzodiazepines, sedatives hypnotic and non-benzodiazepines produce a common pharmacodynamics effect. Pharmacodynamics of anxiolytics include drowsiness and psychomotor deficiency. Benzodiazepines yield antiepileptic actions, amnesia and muscle lessening. Non- benzodiazepines only entail a focus on sedation and psychomotor impairment. Various factors such as gender and age impact the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of anxiolytic medication. The elderly patients experience ease in sedation and psychomotor impairment compared to the young adult populations (DeMartini, et al., 2019)The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper.

Another factor is gender. Zolpidem anxiolytic plasma concentrations are significantly higher than in men. The FDA thus instituted recommendations to reduce doses prescribed to enhance efficacy. The metabolism and elimination are much easier among the young population than in the elderly due to kidney compromise. Genetic variations among individuals impair how anxiolytic medications are metabolized in the body. Sex differences in body enzymes, body mass, muscle mass, and blood volume significantly contribute to pharmacokinetics variability among persons. Generalized anxiety disorder treatment options utilize pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapy to lessen anxiety. Both therapies tend to reduce the anxiety state and prevent bizarre behaviors. Antidepressants are used to suppress overt mood; anxiolytics reduce anxiety stressors (Li et al., 2019)The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper. Psychotherapy techniques include talk therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy.

Discussion response

I concur with the above post that generalized anxiety disorder is a chronic psychiatric disorder that often begins during adolescence or early adulthood t and continues to progress to late adulthood. Anxiolytic treatments greatly relieve and inhibit the progress of generalized anxiety. Generalized anxiety disorder manifests itself in the form of irritability, restlessness, feeling exhausted, lack of concentration, and sleep disturbance; however, Anxiolytics produces a sedation effect which in turn reduces the perception of anxiety among the affected individuals. It is factual that benzodiazepines produce sleep-inducing, anti-anxiety, anticonvulsive, and muscle relaxant activity (Malloy, 2021)The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper. Benzodiazepines can produce hypnosis at higher doses. Anxiety, however, is reduced by selectively enhancing GABAergic transmission.

Metabolism of anxiolytics happens by the phase I oxidative CYP enzyme system. The desmethyldiazepam metabolizes the long-acting benzodiazepines. Recommended benzodiazepines include; diazepam, midazolam, clonazepam, florazepam, alprazolam lorazepam and clonazepam (Jakubovski et al., 2018). Buspirone and barbiturates also form part of anxiolytics. The pharmacokinetics of anxiolytics include; they are orally absorbed, widely distributed throughout the body, and readily cross the placenta. They are redistributed in the body from the brain to the splanchnic areas, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. The pharmacodynamics of anxiolytics yield amnesia and muscle relaxation and produce an antiepileptic effect.

Anxiolytics medication such as triazolam has the most rapid elimination and often produces development tolerance, early morning insomnia, and confusion. It is vital to consider some factors such as age, gender, and genetics because they impact medication uptake. It should be used cautiously in patients with liver disease because it may cause acute narrow-angle glaucoma. Reducing doses should also be considered for the elderly and children to enhance efficacy. Metabolism is much more accessible among the young than the elderly. Genetics, however, impairs the uptake of anxiolytics by causing a change in the number of enzymes available to break down or may cause enzymes responsible for metabolization not to work The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper

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References

Jakubovski, E., Johnson, J. A., Nasir, M., Müller-Vahl, K., & Bloch, M. H. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Dose-response curve of SSRIs and SNRIs in anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 36(3), 198-212. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22854

Malloy, M. A. (2021). Guideline Utilization to Promote De-escalation of Benzodiazepine Use in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. https://encompass.eku.edu/dnpcapstones/65/ The Chronic Psychiatric Disorder Discussion Paper