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The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper

The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper

Drug allergies are not genetic and thus are not inherited (McCance & Huether, 2019). An individual develops drug allergy during their lifetime and the incidence is independent of a family history of allergic reactions to medication. In addition, a true allergy to a drug is developed when an individual is exposed to the same drug a couple of times. This is because some people outgrow drug allergies after some duration and can safely be treated with the same drug (Blumenthal et al., 2019). Also, some drug side effects might be mistaken for allergic reactions to the drug hence diagnosis of drug allergy requires multiple exposures. The specific symptoms such as swelling of the tongue and lips, and difficulty breathing with audible wheezing presented by the patient were due to immediate reactions initiated by the immune system in response to amoxicillin which the immune system perceived as foreign and harmful (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019)The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper.

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When the immune cells of a patient got into contact with an allergen (amoxicillin) for the first time, the body became sensitized and produced an antibody called immunoglobulin E, IgE. The allergen-specific IgE antibodies are then attached to white blood cells known as mast cells which are responsible for regulating the immune system of the body (Aun et al., 2021). At this stage, no allergic reaction occurred. When the patient was exposed to the same allergen (amoxicillin) again, allergen-specific IgE antibodies recognized the allergen and bound to it. The binding of allergen-specific IgE antibodies to the allergen led to a cascade of reactions which include the stimulation and activation of mast cells which rapidly released histamine and inflammatory mediators which bound to receptors on target cells (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). This series of reactions resulted in the symptoms of anaphylaxis such as excessive secretion of mucus, constriction of bronchioles, and dilation of blood vessels as presented by difficulty breathing, audible wheezing, and swelling of the throat. Age, gender, race, and ethnicity do not have a major influence on allergic reactions to medication. However, one’s health status and frequency of drug exposure have a higher influence on allergic reactions to a drug (Blumenthal et al., 2019)The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper.

References

Aun, M. V., Lopez, N. B., Castells, M. C., & Giavina-Bianchi, P. (2021). The role of mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Frontiers Media SA.

Blumenthal, K. G., Peter, J. G., Trubiano, A., & Phillips, E. J. (2019). Antibiotic allergy. The Lancet, 393(10167), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32218-9

Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

Muraro, A., Lemanske, R. F., Castells, M., Torres, M. J., Khan, D., Simon, H., Bindslev-Jensen, C., Burks, W., Poulsen, L. K., Sampson, H. A., Worm, M., & Nadeau, K. C. (2017). Precision medicine in allergic disease-food allergy, drug allergy, and anaphylaxis-PRACTALL document of the European Academy of allergy and clinical immunology and the American Academy of allergy, asthma and immunology. Allergy, 72(7), 1006-1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13132 The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper

Week 1 Discussion

  • Initial submission (a substantive response would have a paragraph per point asked to develop) Day 3 of this week, scenario follows for this Discussion.

Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:

Provide primary references to support citations supporting your points

  • The role genetics plays in the disease. (May not be relevant, just say so if not. I.E. Do drug allergies run in families?)
  • Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
  • The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
  • The cells that are involved in this process.
  • How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response? The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses by day 6 of Week 1

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days and respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not, and support replies with at least one reference.

Scenario 1: A 16-year-old boy comes to clinic with chief complaint of sore throat for 3 days. Denies fever or chills. PMH negative for recurrent colds, influenza, ear infections or pneumonias. NKDA or food allergies. Physical exam reveals temp of 99.6 F, pulse 78 and regular with respirations of 18. HEENT normal with exception of reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on tonsils that are enlarged to 3+. Positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy. Rapid strep test performed in office was positive. His HCP wrote a prescription for amoxicillin 500 mg po q 12 hours x 10 days disp #20. He took the first capsule when he got home and immediately complained of swelling of his tongue and lips, difficulty breathing with audible wheezing. 911 was called and he was taken to the hospital, where he received emergency treatment for his allergic reaction. The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper

Support your points with primary references (at least 3 for initial submission and 1-2 for discussion replies) This would include textbook and a reading from a reputable journal, published in last 5 years, done in APA format for full credit. No Cleveland, Mayo, eMedicine, Medscape, or StatPearls and UpToDate or a CDC fact sheet or patient ed site.

Example of a primary, current reference:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674917310205?casa_token=JEj3QbQx0-gAAAAA:nh_PyXosgNTIBC8g9cccpT6TgtQ5bFp4EkABxgaF8XpHA4n_ZOsvKfsQw3ckmPC4zxJP1eiLIwLinks to an external site.

Example of an APA Citation in the body of the write-up: (Reber, 2017)

Example of an APA reference in reference list: Reber, L. L., Hernandez, J. D., & Galli, S. J. (2017). The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 140(2), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.003 The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper

RESOURCES:

  • McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children(8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
    • Chapter 1: Cellular Biology; Summary Review
    • Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents (pp. 46-61; begin again with Manifestations of Cellular Injury pp. 83-97); Summary Review
    • Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases
    • Chapter 4: Genes and Genetic Diseases (stop at Elements of formal genetics); Summary Review
    • Chapter 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases (stop at Genetics of common diseases); Summary Review

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  • Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactionsDownload Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. In StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/
    Credit Line: Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. (2019, June 18). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/. Used with permission of Stat Pearls The Allergic Reaction Discussion Paper