Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment
Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased substantially among United States adults due to sedentary lifestyles and high-calorie diets, particularly fast-moving foods. Consequently, the prevalence of MetS-related health complications, including cardiovascular disorders, stroke, and diabetes type 2 Mellitus, has increased substantially among United States adults. For this reason, evidence-based interventions should be implemented in clinical practice to prevent metabolic syndrome and related health complications. This paper proposes lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, as an evidence-based intervention for preventing MetS among adults. Existing literature indicates that engaging in moderate and vigorous exercises and taking a diet with low calories and high in fiber results in energy expenditure, achieving and maintaining the recommended energy levels.
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The Social Cognitive Theory will promote individuals’ health through dynamic interaction among individuals (personal factors)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment, the environments, and their behaviors. Implementing knowledge acquired during an educational program on lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, is expected to achieve and maintain energy balance in the body, which will prevent metabolic syndrome among adults with no history of MetS-related health complications. Therefore, clinical practice should adopt education programs on lifestyle modification as an evidence-based intervention for preventing metabolic syndrome in adults.
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Background and Significance
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased dramatically worldwide, affecting industrialized and developing countries. According to Saklayen (2018), the metabolic syndrome, also known as insulin resistance syndrome, is a pathologic condition characterized by various CVD risk factors, including glucose intolerance, impaired fasting glycemia (diabetes), atherogenic dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and microalbuminuria. According to Zujko (2021), metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are major causes of high mortality rates worldwide. The pathophysiologic process of metabolic syndrome is complicated. An imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure is the primary factor in this disorder. Other factors contributing to MetS include an individual’s genetic composition, sedentary lifestyle increase, decreased physical activity, consumed diet, and gut microbe composition. Saklayen (2018) presented metabolic syndrome as a significant health hazard in the modern world despite being a non-communicable disease. Although metabolic syndrome started in the Western world, it has spread worldwide following the adoption of the Western lifestyle in other parts of the world, becoming a significant global public health concern. Ranasinghe et al. (2017) reported a significant increase in the incidence of various health complications, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These health conditions have contributed to the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Pacific-Asian adults. Furthermore, Sarebanhassanabadi et al. (2018) reported rapid growth of MetS among China’s adult population. The proportion of metabolic syndrome in the female population increased from 31·6 % in 2005 to 48·3 % in 2014, while the prevalence of MetS in males increased from 26·3 % to 41·0 % during this period (Sarebanhassanabadi et al., 2018)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment.
However, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is relatively higher among individuals residing in urban parts of developing nations than in Western countries (Saklayen, 2018). This condition spreads faster worldwide following a substantial increase in high calorie-low fiber-fast food consumption and reduced physical activities (Saklayen, 2018). An increase in fast food outlets has fueled the consumption of high-calorie and low-fiber diets. Additionally, the level of exercise and physical activities has reduced due to increased sedentary leisure time activities and modern means of transport. Metabolic syndrome then increases the risk of several lifestyle diseases, including type 2 diabetes, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and various forms of disabilities. These diseases impose a huge economic burden on the health care sector. According to Figueroa et al. (2017), a relatively high percentage of funds allocated to the United States healthcare sector is spent on treating chronic illnesses and related injuries, especially in the elderly. This amount is spent on medication and other treatment procedures. Additionally, these chronic illnesses impose a vast economic burden on individuals. Approximately $137.72 was spent on treating chronic illnesses. This amount represents over 10% of the monthly household income (Okediji et al., 2017)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment.
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Consequently, individuals and their families are left with insufficient funds to cater to their daily expenses. The global trend of metabolic syndrome necessitates a multi-dimensional prevention effort, including societal, local, national, regional, and global authorities. Although various preventive measures for chronic illnesses have been proposed, the effectiveness of lifestyle modifications, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, should be evaluated.
Literature Review
Scholars have conducted various studies to assess the effectiveness of lifestyle modification in preventing metabolic syndrome. Study findings indicated that taking a diet with low calories and rich in fiber and increasing physical activities results in energy balance in the body, preventing metabolic syndrome. This section reviews the literature on the impact of adjusting diet and increasing physical activities on preventing Mets.
Adjusting Diet in Metabolic Syndrome Prevention
A diet with low calories and rich in fiber results in energy balance in the body. According to Saklayen (2018), the Mediterranean diet prevents metabolic syndrome and related health complications, including diabetes type 2 Mellitus. Polyphenols influence various aspects of metabolic syndrome. For instance, citrus products, quercetin, and hesperidin improved lipid metabolism. Cocoa supplements boost blood glucose and high blood pressure. Green tea lowered waist circumference and BMI and improved lipid metabolism significantly. Food containing capsaicin reduced MetS/obesity prevalence (Saklayen, 2018). Additionally, bioactive components, including polyphenol and bioactive-enriched food, significantly reduce Mets (Zujko et al., 2021)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment. In another study, Zujko et al. (2021) reported that lifestyle modification, including consuming a healthy diet and increasing physical activities, is the first treatment therapy for Mets. High-quality dietary patterns lower the risk of Mets in various populations. Furthermore, Sarebanhassanabadi et al. (2018) reported that dietary habits influence the risk of MetS among Iranian adults. For instance, consuming a diet rich in potatoes and meat raises Mets. On the other hand, increasing the intake of dairy products, fish, and greens reduces the risk of MetS (Sarebanhassanabadi et al., 2018). The study findings also indicated that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of MetS. Therefore, the risk of MetS is relatively lower among individuals consuming a Mediterranean diet rich in fruits and vegetables than those consuming a Western diet containing high-caloric and low-fiber dishes.
Increasing Physical Activities in Metabolic Syndrome Prevention
Studies have reported that increasing physical activities results in energy balance, preventing metabolic syndrome. According to Saklayen (2018), exercise and physical activity (PA) are significant factors contributing to energy expenditure, which leads to energy balance, preventing Mets. The U.S. adults reported an increase in BMI due to a lack of leisure-time physical activity between 1990 and 2010. The BMI score increased from 19.1 to 51.7% and 11.4 to 43.5% in women and men, respectively (Saklayen, 2018). The participants denied changes in the average caloric intake during the study period. Therefore, the BMI trend was attributed to LTPA level. A report published by the CDC data indicated that about 40.8% of total US adults were physically inactive (Saklayen, 2018)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment. These individuals do not spend more than 10 minutes weekly in moderate or vigorous physical exercise in each category of physical activities, including work, transportation, and leisure time (Saklayen, 2018). On the contrary, most individuals have adopted a Western lifestyle characterized by indoor leisure activities, including using automobiles, watching TV, and playing video games (Saklayen, 2018). An increased sedentary lifestyle is a significant factor contributing to the current trends in Mets. However, metabolic syndrome is not only achieved through immediate caloric expenditure. Increased physical activities and chronic exercise change the structure of body muscles, contributing to weight loss.
Supporting Evidence
Studies indicate that a diet with low calories and fiber-rich foods reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome. According to Sarebanhassanabadi et al. (2018), healthy dietary habits lower the risk of MetS among Iranian adults. This study indicated that consuming a diet rich in vegetables could lower inflammatory markers, T2DM, and cardiovascular incidents through their components, such as antioxidants reducing the risk of MetS. Saklayen (2018) also reported that the Mediterranean diet prevents metabolic syndrome and related health complications, including diabetes type 2 Mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. In another study, Zujko et al. (2021) reported that lifestyle modification, including consuming a healthy diet and increasing physical activities, is recommended as the first treatment therapy for MetS due to the effectiveness of dietary adjustment in preventing Mets. Additionally, studies indicate that increasing physical activities results in energy balance in the body, reducing the risk of MetS. Saklayen (2018) reported that exercise and physical activity (PA) contribute to energy expenditure, leading to energy balance. Furthermore, physical exercises are considered the cornerstone in diabetes treatment, a health complication associated with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, adjusting diet and increasing physical activities raise energy expenditure and achieve energy balance, preventing MetS in adults Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment.
Aims of the Study
This study has been necessitated by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults in healthcare organizations. Preventive measures should be adopted to change this current trend. The study aims at achieving three major objectives. First, the study aims to evaluate lifestyle modifications’ effectiveness, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities in preventing metabolic syndrome among adults. The second objective involves creating awareness among staff and adults about the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors. The next objective entails educating healthcare workers and adults (participants) about metabolic syndrome preventive measures, including taking a healthy diet with low calories and increasing physical activities. Another objective involves achieving and maintaining energy balance among the participants. The last objective entails preventing metabolic syndrome and related health complications among adults.
Theoretical Framework
Theories guide nursing researchers in developing evidence-based interventions. Kelly and Nash (2021) reported that evidence-based interventions guided by a theoretical framework effectively address a particular clinical issue rather than atheoretical interventions. This study will be guided by Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The SCT is an interpersonal-level theory developed by Albert Bandura (Shamizadeh et al., 2019). This model covers an individual’s health’s personal and socio-structural determinants (Shamizadeh et al., 2019). The SCT presents the dynamic interaction among individuals (personal factors), the environments, and their behaviors (Manjarres-Posada et al., 2020)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment. The figure demonstrating continuous interaction among the three elements, including personal factors, environmental factors, and people’s behaviors and how they influence each other, will be included in the appendices.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) illustrates how individual health behaviors are influenced by his or her experiences, other people’s actions, and environmental factors. SCT offers social support through self-efficacy, expectations, observational learning, and other reinforcements, resulting in behavior change, hence promoting an individual’s health (Manjarres-Posada et al., 2020). The SCT has various key constructs related to behavior change. The first aspect is self-efficacy, which holds that a person controls and can execute a behavior to achieve the desired change (Shamizadeh et al., 2019). Efficacy belief forms the basis of any action. Individuals cannot achieve the desired results unless they believe they can produce the targeted outcomes. Having efficacy belief enables one to press on and persevere when faced with setbacks and difficulties. The second component is behavioral capability. It involves understanding and possessing the skill needed to perform a particular behavior (Shamizadeh et al., 2019). The third component is expectations, which involves determining behavior change outcomes (Manjarres-Posada et al., 2020)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment. The fourth aspect is expectancies, which entails allocating a value to behavior change outcomes. The next element is self-control, which involves regulating and monitoring a person’s behavior. Another key element of the SCT is observational learning. This element involves observing results achieved by other individuals modeling the desired behavior (Manjarres-Posada et al., 2020). The last element of this model is reinforcements, which involve promoting rewards and incentives that encourage individuals to change their behaviors.
Social system practices should be changed in a comprehensive approach to health promotion to achieve the desired outcomes. This detrimental approach impacts an individual’s health, which cannot be achieved by changing an individual’s habits only. Therefore, Social Cognitive Theory will influence social system practices to promote individuals’ health behavior, preventing metabolic syndrome.
Methods/Design/Sampling
A cluster RCT on healthy people with no history of metabolic syndrome will be conducted in the clinical practice. Lifestyle modification intervention, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, will be performed over 24 weeks of follow-ups. Adult patients aged between 35 and 55 years will be invited to participate in the study. Targeted participants will be screened for metabolic syndrome-related health complications, including glucose intolerance, impaired fasting glycemia (diabetes), atherogenic dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and microalbuminuria before commencing the study. Additionally, individuals’ physical activities level will be evaluated at the beginning of the program. Three hundred adult patients with no metabolic syndrome-related health complications will be enrolled in the study (n = 300). A random sampling technique will be applied to assign the participants to the intervention or control group (n = 150 per arm)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment. This sampling technique will ensure that the study is free from bias. The intervention group will be educated about metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors. Additionally, the participants will be encouraged to modify their lifestyles by increasing physical activities and adjusting their diet to reduce intake of high-calorie dishes and increase fiber in their diet.
The proposed intervention will be a 24-weeks educational program involving behavioral changes. The intervention group will have a weekly training session that will last for 120 minutes (24 sessions). The participants in the intervention group will be encouraged to be sited at the medical center hall 30 minutes before the commencement of the training session once a week for the 24 weeks. The project team will collaborate with professional trainers in educating the participants about metabolic syndrome and preventive measures. First, the trainers will inform the participants of the importance of adjusting their diet and increasing physical activities to lower the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Additionally, the participants will be educated about the recommended diet, including reducing the intake of high-calorie foods and increasing the consumption of food rich in fiber. They will also be guided on the minimum amount of time an individual should spend on moderate and vigorous physical activities weekly and the recommended types. The risk of developing metabolic syndrome will be evaluated at the end of the 24 weeks project among individuals assigned to intervention and control groups. The risk will be measured by screening participants for metabolic syndrome-related health complications, including glucose intolerance, impaired fasting glycemia (diabetes)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment, atherogenic dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and microalbuminuria.
Proposed Interventions
The proposed interventions focus on preventing metabolic syndrome among adults. These interventions are in the form of a PICOT question stating; “Among adult patients receiving healthcare services in the outpatient unit (P), does lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities (I) compared to no lifestyle modification (C) prevent metabolic syndrome (O) in 24 weeks (T)?”
Expected Results/Outcomes
The primary aim of the proposed interventions is to prevent metabolic syndrome among adults. The proposed intervention will be a 24-weeks educational program involving behavioral changes. Implementing knowledge acquired during the educational program on lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, is expected to achieve and maintain energy balance in the body, which will prevent metabolic syndrome among adults with no history of MetS-related health complications, including glucose intolerance, impaired fasting glycemia (diabetes), atherogenic dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and microalbuminuria.
Anticipated Conclusion
The anticipated conclusion is that lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, achieve and maintains energy balance in the body, which will prevent metabolic syndrome in adults. Therefore, it will be concluded that consuming a low-calorie diet rich in fiber is an effective evidence-based intervention for preventing metabolic syndrome in adults Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment.
Possible Limitations
Various challenges are likely to be reported during project implementation. The first possible limitation is the lack of finances required for project-related expenses. For instance, funds will be required to compensate external trainers who will work with the project team in educating the participants about metabolic syndrome, related risk factors, and how it can be prevented. Funds will also be needed to purchase training materials, including laptops and projectors. The second potential limitation is the high absenteeism rate among the participants. The target participants are adults aged between 35 and 55 years. Most individuals in this age bracket have several commitments; hence are likely to lack time to attend all the training sessions as required. Another possible challenge is a pre-existing metabolic-related disorder that might not be detected during the screening conducted at the beginning of the training program. Such an incident is likely to interfere with the project’s outcomes. Lastly, the participants in the intervention group might not comply with diet adjustment and physical activity guidelines provided during the training, affecting the project’s outcomes Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment.
Potential Implications to Practice
The proposed intervention involves educating adults about lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities. Implementing knowledge about a healthy diet and recommended moderate and vigorous exercise acquired during the training program is anticipated to achieve and maintain energy balance in the body, preventing metabolic syndrome among adults participating in the study. These results indicate that lifestyle modification, including adjusting diet and increasing physical activities, is an effective evidence-based intervention for preventing MetS in adults. Therefore, clinical practice can adopt lifestyle modification as an evidence-based intervention for preventing metabolic syndrome and related chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes type 2 Mellitus. According to Chapel et al. (2017)Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment, a huge percentage of the total amount allocated to the United States healthcare system is spent on treating ad managing chronic illnesses. Hence, lifestyle modification in the practice will reduce the high costs incurred in treating MetS-related chronic illnesses.
Conclusion
This project triggered the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults. It focuses on proposing evidence-based interventions for preventing metabolic syndrome and related health complications. The proposed intervention is lifestyle modification, involving adjusting diet and increasing physical activities. Implementing knowledge about a healthy diet and recommended moderate and vigorous exercise acquired during the training program is anticipated to achieve and maintain energy balance in the body, preventing metabolic syndrome among adults.
References
Chapel, J. M., Ritchey, M. D., Zhang, D., & Wang, G. (2017). Prevalence and medical costs of chronic diseases among adult Medicaid beneficiaries. American journal of preventive medicine, 53(6), S143-S154. Doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.07.019
Figueroa, J, F., Frakt, A, B., Lyon, Z., M., Zhou, X., & Jha, A, K. (2017). Characteristics and spending patterns of high cost, non-elderly adults in Massachusetts. Healthcare; 5 (4):165–170. Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment
Kelly, R. K., & Nash, R. (2021). Food literacy interventions in elementary schools: A systematic scoping review. Journal of School Health, 91(8), 660-669. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13053
Manjarres-Posada, N., Onofre-Rodríguez, D. J., & Benavides-Torres, R. A. (2020). Social cognitive theory and health care: Analysis and evaluation. Int’l J. Soc. Sci. Stud., 8, 132.
Okediji, P. T., Ojo, A. O., Ojo, A. I., Ojo, A. S., Ojo, O. E., & Abioye-Kuteyi, E. A. (2017). The economic impacts of chronic illness on households of patients in Ile-Ife, South-Western Nigeria. Cureus, 9(10). Doi: 10.7759/cureus.1756
Ranasinghe, P., Mathangasinghe, Y., Jayawardena, R., Hills, A. P., & Misra, A. (2017). Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome among adults in the Asia-pacific region: a systematic review. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-9. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4041-1
Saklayen, M. G. (2018). The global epidemic of metabolic syndrome. Current hypertension reports, 20(2), 1-8. Doi: 10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z
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Sarebanhassanabadi, M., Mirhosseini, S. J., Mirzaei, M., Namayandeh, S. M., Soltani, M. H., Pakseresht, M., … & Salehi-Abargouei, A. (2018). Effect of dietary habits on the risk of metabolic syndrome: Yazd Healthy Heart Project. Public health nutrition, 21(6), 1139-1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017003627.
Shamizadeh, T., Jahangiry, L., Sarbakhsh, P., & Ponnet, K. (2019). Social cognitive theory-based intervention to promote physical activity among prediabetic rural people: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 1-10. https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-019-3220-z Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment
Zujko, M. E., Rożniata, M., & Zujko, K. (2021). Individual diet modification reduces the metabolic syndrome in patients before pharmacological treatment. Nutrients, 13(6), 2102. Doi: 10.3390/nu13062102.
This project is completed and developed as a scholarly paper. This is a final project designed to apply skills learned in the program. Include a clear, problem statement. Establish synthesis of literature and evidence-based practice in all content sections. Apply concepts of cultural competency and cultural literacy within the background section and Purpose or Aims of the Study section. Integrate thorough discussion of effective collaboration of the advanced nursing role through leadership, collaboration and improving outcomes in the proposed interventions section. Apply ethical reasoning and integrate advocacy and decision making within the methods/design/sampling section. Throughout the paper, develop critical, relevant, and consistent connections between evidence and the thesis.
**** include the following sections please: Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment
Title page
Abstract
Background & Significance
Literature Review
Supporting Evidence
Purpose or Aims of the Study
Theoretical Model or Framework
Methods/Design/Sampling
Proposed Interventions
Expected Results/Outcomes
Anticipated Conclusion
Possible Limitations
Potential Implications to Practice
References
Poster
Appendices Primary Prevention In Metabolic Syndrome Assignment