Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Investigate your organization’s compliance rate with one specific core measure of your choice and write a 2-3-page (maximum) executive summary analyzing the financial and regulatory impact of organizational compliance with your chosen measure. Include recommendations for improving performance on the measure. Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

 

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In order to promote safe, caring, patient-centered environments, nurse leaders must both conceptually understand and be proficient at performing a wide variety of leadership skills. Effective nursing leaders develop and maintain awareness of issues that emerge at many levels within and outside of their organizations. In addition to developing self-assessing competencies necessary for their roles, nurse leaders must also acquire organizational and systems leadership skill sets.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

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By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

  • Competency 4: Policy, Finance, and Regulations – Understand the scope and role of policy, finance, and regulatory environments in relationship to individual and population outcomes.
    • Compare the compliance rates of a specific measure for different organizations.
    • Explain the importance of compliance in terms of policy, regulation, and finance.
  • Competency 5: Communication – Communicate effectively with all members of the health care team, including interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration for quality outcomes.      Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper
    • Write coherently to support a central idea with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a nursing professional.
  • Competency 6: Organizational and Systems Management – Apply knowledge of organizational behavior, nursing theory, and systems (micro- and macro-) as appropriate for the scope and role of one’s own practice.
    • Explain strategies to overcome described organizational barriers to change.
  • Competency 9: Professional Role – Incorporate the qualities, skills, behaviors, and knowledge required to function as a patient advocate, practice high-quality care, assess and evaluate patient outcomes, and provide leadership in improving care.
    • Identify the stakeholders affected by changes to a specific compliance measure and describe changes that would improve compliance of a specific measure.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Assessment Instructions

 

For this assessment, write an executive summary analyzing the financial and regulatory impact of organizational compliance with a specific core measure of your choice. The summary must include recommendations for improving performance on the measure.

You must be able to explain the financial implications associated with the measure, as well as its importance in terms of policy, regulation, and finance. This is another good opportunity to consult with a key stakeholder within the organization. Talking to someone who works closely with the organization’s finances can help you develop a deeper understanding of the financial aspects of compliance. You also need to suggest ways your organization can improve compliance and how you would implement changes and overcome obstacles.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

This may seem like an enormous undertaking, but you should approach it as if you were to present this information to your supervisor or manager. Keeping in mind that people in these positions do not have time to read a 10–12-page report, you would typically give them only an executive summary of your analyses and recommendations. That means that you will need to be very clear and very concise with the information you choose to include in the executive summary. Say as much as possible with as few words as possible.

Directions

Select a core measure and investigate your organization’s compliance rate with the measure. In your executive summary, address the following:Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

  1. Compare the compliance rates of your organization with those of other organizations.
  2. Explain why the measure is important in terms of policy, regulation, and finance.
  3. Describe changes that could be made that would improve compliance with the measure.
  4. Identify the stakeholders who would be affected by the changes.
  5. Identify obstacles you would expect to encounter and explain strategies to overcome these obstacles.

Additional Requirements

  • Format: Include a title page and references page. As this is an executive summary, do not use APA style and formatting. To determine the appropriate format, it may be helpful for you to review the documents used in your organization. How do they look? What kind of language is used in memos? These can help guide your development of this executive summary. Certainly, feel free to use bullet points as appropriate.
  • Length: Write a 2–3-page (maximum) summary of your information, not including the title page and references page.
  • References: You must still reference scholarly resources to support your work. Use at least three current scholarly or professional resources.
  • Font: Use 12-point, Times New Roman font.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

The main objective of drafting this document is to justify importance of organizational behavior in today’s context; Organizational behavior is targeted towards studying and analyzing behavior of different people within an organization. Organizational behavior is defined as “The study and understanding of individual and group behavior, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organizational performance and effectiveness” (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Therefore studying of organizational behavior is vital to improve efficiency in establishments. Essay will emphasize on following key aspects of Organizational behavior.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Leadership

Group Behavior

Training and development

Change management

Leadership can be defined as simply getting others to follow; there are many definitions to leadership. It is difficult, therefore, to generalize about leadership, but essentially it is a relationship through which one person influences the behavior or actions of other people. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Leadership directly connected with motivation, interpersonal behavior and the process of communication. Leadership helps to develop team work and increase integrity within employees. Good leadership is important in the time of change; leaders should able to change people’s perception from identifying change as a threat to see it as an existing challenge (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). The key aspects discussed above, depicts the importance of leadership within an organization.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Everyone in an organization belongs to one or more Group. Work is more group based activity and if an organization to be successful, it requires good team work. A group can be defined as “any number of people who (1) interact with one another; (2) are psychologically aware of one another; and (3) perceive themselves to be a group.” (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Groups are the moral fiber of an organization and it is the key to performance. Not only members of groups should work efficient to gain organizational objectives but groups should work together with other groups to maximize the efficiency in the establishment. Teamwork is important within groups and following are some of the competencies that can be gained by teamwork;( Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Productivity can be improved

Quality of work and innovation will be maximized

Technological advantages

Employee motivation and commitment will be improved.

Training and development is one of the most vital aspects to increase performance and motivation within employees. It is well-known that training directly affects success of any organization. Organizational training is important to keep employees up to date with technology and to be knowledgeable with relevant job that they perform. Training also assists employees in career advancement and to improve their motivation. Following are some of the advantages individuals and organizations can gain by performing training and development ;( Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Increase motivation, confidence and commitment of the employees.

Recognition and promotions

Satisfaction

Improve quality and skills of staff

Organizations are widely get affected by the external environmental aspects. Companies should adopt these external factors to ensure success in the business. These factors can be technology, government policies, globalization etc. In order to acclimatize to these external environmental factors, it is vital to have proper change management practices in place.

According to John F. Kennedy “Change is the law of life and those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future”. This also can be applied to organizations, Example: It is vital for organizations to replace their exiting outdated technology along with the latest technology available in the world in order to maintain sustainability of the business. Change also can be raised within the organization itself.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Literature Review

Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman suggests that:

… One way to recognize why people behave as they do at work is to view an organization as an Iceberg. What sinks ships isn’t always what sailors can see, but what they can’t see.

Following are the key areas to be discussed during understanding organizational behavior; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).

The behavior of people

The process of management

The Organizational context in which the process of management takes place.

organizational processes and the execution of work;

interactions with the external environment of which the organization is part

From the above framework we can identify 4 main aspects influence on organizational behavior; the individual, the group, the organization and the environment.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Any organization consists with individuals; individuals are main feature of any establishment. If needs of an individual and demands of the organization is incompatible, this can result in conflicts (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). Therefore it is a responsibility of the management to integrate individual and organization to avoid frustration and conflicts.

Groups are gateway to performance in any organization. It is a fact that almost every individual within an organization is a member of a group. Group has a major capability of influencing behavior of an organization; therefore it is important to understand group structure and behavior in order to maximize performance in an establishment.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Individuals and groups interact by using the structure of an organization; the organization structure is defined by management to meet goals within an organization.

External environment affects the organization in many different ways, for an example new technologies will lead to change in the organization. Interacting with environment will lead to opportunities and risks within the organization.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Leadership

There are many ways to examine leadership. Following are some of the approaches;

The qualities approach

The functional or group approach

Styles of leadership

Transformational leadership

The qualities approach is more concern about the persons, not the job itself. It suggests that attention should give to select leaders than training them. Qualities or traits approach depicts that “Leaders are born and not made”.

The functional (Group) approach focuses not on the personality, but on the functions and contents of leadership. Unlike The qualities approach, functional approach believes that leadership could be learnt and developed.

Leadership style is the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out, the way in which the manager typically behaves towards members of the group. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Styles of managerial leadership can be categorized into three broader classifications;

The Authoritarian style: Power is with the manager. All the interactions are made via the manager. Manager is making the decisions and less opportunity for group members to take decisions.

The Democratic style: Power is more within the group. Leadership functions and decisions are made within the group and the manager is a member of the group.

Laissez-faire style: Manager is basically observing the members of the group working on their own. This is also called genuine style. Group members are given with freedom to make their own decisions and to do what they think is best. However leader must be readily available for any help needed.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Transformational leadership is more concern about how leaders revitalize or transform organizations. Transformational leadership is scattering higher level of motivation and commitments among followers. Transformational leadership consists with four basic components;

Idealized influence: Personality of the leader and the respect of the followers.

Inspirational motivation: the behavior of the leader which provides meaning and challenge to the work of the followers.

Intellectual stimulation: leaders who are innovative in finding new approaches for problem solving.

Individualized consideration: Leaders who put attention on developments of subordinates.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Group Behavior

There can be two types of groups within an organization;

Formal Groups

Formal Groups are part of organizational structure. Main objective of structuring formal groups within an organization is to achieve division of work and organizational objectives. Example: grouping employees with specific skills into a one group. Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay PaperFurthermore individuals with same status within an organization could form a formal group, i.e. Managers within an establishment can form separate formal group.

Informal Groups

There can be groups within an organization with informal structure. These groups are formed with social relationships and individual relationships. Objective of informal groups are to satisfy physiological needs and social needs. Informal groups consists with people from different parts of the organization and different status levels.

Following are the reasons to form groups within an establishment, (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).

If specific task cannot be completed without relating multiple individuals.

To avoid conflicts within members, example: by sharing unpopular tasks.

Individuals to feel belonging to a group within an organization.

To follow correct behavior in an ambiguous situation

Protect their self from outside pressure and threats.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Cohesive groups will always generate benefits for the organization. Following are some of the factors affecting group performance and cohesiveness. (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).

Membership: When groups are too large it is difficult to maintain the cohesiveness. It is always best to have manageable amount of members in a group.

Work environment: Individuals with similar job descriptions, sharing a common task with facing common problem will increase cohesiveness within an organization. Furthermore facilitating proper communication in the work environment directly affects the performance and cohesiveness of an organization.

Organizational factors: Factors like how manager encourage group will directly affects on group behavior.

Group development and maturity: Cohesiveness of a group also depends on how groups carryout task in each stage before executing the real one.

Training and Development

Training should consider as an investment in employees (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004). It is crucial to have a proper plan to gain maximum advantages over training. Therefore planned and systematic approach in training plays a key role in any organization.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Planned and systematic approach

Following are some of the key points involved in planned and systematic approach (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004);

There should be a commitment from entire organization for training.

Assessment of “training needs” to be evaluated.

Staff should feel the involvement.

A clear set of objectives and policy should define for the training.

Carefully plan the training program

Select most appropriate method of training

Link external courses and training programs for the system.

There should be an effective and proper system for review and evaluation. Evaluation should be related to objectives.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Change Management

It is a well known fact that people do not accept change easily. Therefore managers should clearly identify reasons for resistant and initiate change by adopting appropriate strategy. According to Christensen and Overdorf , there are three main factors affect organizational responses to change; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).

Resources: Access to high quality resources increases chances of people to accept change.

Processes: The pattern of communication, interaction, coordination and decision making to transform resources into products and services.

Values: Standards how employee set priorities.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

There are three main ways managers could use to adopt with organizational change; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).

Create new organizational structure

Split new organizational from the existing one and define new processes and values.

Gain access to a new organization whose processes and values are similar to required change.

Furthermore Kotter and Cohn suggests following eight steps for successful change; (Laurie J. Mullins, 2004).

Create sense of urgency

Build a guiding team

Create visions

Communicate the vision and strategy

Empower action and remove obstacles  Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Produce Short-term wins to create credibility

Don’t let up but maintain the momentum

Make change stick

Relevance in today’s context
Leadership in today’s context

“Yesterday’s idea of the boss, who became the boss because he or she knew more than the person working for them, is yesterday’s manager. Tomorrow’s person leads through a vision, a shared set of values, and a shared objective.”Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

 

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Jack Welch

Leadership is essential in any organization to boost team work and integrity within individuals. Today’s Establishments are focuses on discovering more leaders than appointing managers to maintain sustainability of the business. Organizations should emphasis to scatter many leaders across the establishment than suggesting one leader on the top of the hierarchy. In today’s scenario companies are more concern about discovering leaders than trying to train individuals without any leadership qualities, i.e. qualities approach of leadership has become the trend of today’s organizations. However identifying leaders within an organization has become a major challenge in today’s context. To overcome this challenge organizations are trying various methods to discover true leaders, one of the best examples from today’s context is “Apple’s Store Leader Program”, where people will given with leadership opportunities after 24 month operational program covering all the aspects of managing and operating an Apple Store. (Apple – Jobs at Apple – Apple Store Leader Program (us). 2011)Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Ray Croc quoted that “The quality of a leader is reflected in the standards they set for themselves”. A good leader should continue to amplify his/her knowledge by experience and training.

Group behavior in today’s context

Today organizations are captivating many advantages over forming formal groups within their establishments.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

By providing structure of division of work and responsibilities within the company, employees are with clear agreement between them on their duties and responsibilities. This will lead to achieve company objectives more efficiently. Furthermore individuals with specific expert knowledge can be added into one group to gain more productivity end of the day. Another advantage of grouping employees is that unpopular tasks can be shared among persons, this leads to employee motivation. In today’s context this strategy is widely used within organizations to maximize productivity and motivate employees.

Today’s organizations are keener into forming Strategic Business Units (SBU) within their establishments. SBU can be defined as “Autonomous division or organizational unit, small enough to be flexible and large enough to exercise control over most of the factors affecting its long-term performance. Because SBUs are more agile (and usually have independent missions and objectives), they allow the owning conglomerate to respond quickly to changing economic or market situations.” (Strategic business unit (SBU) definition. 2011.). Therefore each SBU is treated as a one group within the company with different objectives. Example: Tacony Corporation is today organized into four strategic business units: Sewing, Home Floor Care, Commercial Floor Care and Ceiling Fans & Lighting.( Tacony Corporation: Strategic Business Units)Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Today’s Training and Development

Most of the organizations are treating their employees as the most valuable asset. Therefore employers are more concern about personal development of each and every employee. Every organization allocate significant amount of money for employee training programs. Following graph illustrate Sony’s Employee Training Programs in Japan in Fiscal Year 2009 (Sony Global – Personnel Development. 2011)

However for organizations to get maximum return out of an employee training program, it is essential to follow a Planned and Systematic approach for each training program. Training needs can be identified within the organization by introducing a “Training Requisition form”, which can be made available to every employee of the company. Filled Training requisition forms will be evaluated by employee’s line manager and forward it to HR department. Alternatively, organizations can identify required training programs and maintain “Annual Training Calendar” to keep track of each program. Every employee can be given with a feedback form to fill and submit to HR department to accomplish evaluation and review process.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Change Management in Today’s context

“Change Management” is one of the most widely discussed topics in today’s context. In order to successfully implement change within an organization, appropriate change management practices are very essential.

Following are some of the challenges organizations face before, during and after implementing of change;

Resistant to change by employees

Insufficient time

Economical difficulties  Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Etc

Most of the organizations perform change due to new technologies, limited staff participation, limited resources etc. Today’s organizations are using strategy of creating new culture within company to successfully implement change. Furthermore organizations are keener into providing high quality resources along with the change. Subsequently, employee resistant to change will reduce by significant percentage.

Implementation of change should happen gradually within organizations. Following graph illustrate the gradual implementation of change in today’s organizational context;Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

If the change is large scale, most of the today’s organizations are outsourcing the change management process to a consulting agency. These agencies are with subject matter experts to cater client requirement from the initiation to the post implementation of the project. Example; Accenture US.

For an organization to be successful, all the above discussed key aspects of organizational behavior should utilized within the establishment. Studying of organizational behavior has become one of the most essential topics in today’s context. Organizational behavior helps managers to understand individuals better so they can improve productivity of the organization.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Organizational behavior is a field concerned with study of the relationship between the organization and the individuals in the workforce. In particular it entails studying how the organization influences the behavior of its workers and how as a result those individuals are able to influence the organization. It is a wide topic that involves various disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, sociology and so on. In studying the organizational behavior it helps to note that in the traditional closed systems various factors that are important in the modern working environment were left unconsidered. However the open system has appreciated the environmental factors such as attitudes and human sentiments which remain vital in studying the human behavior.

In health care sector the behavior of individuals or groups is similar to any other organization even though there could be a little variation which can be attributed to the unique challenges that are offered by different environmental conditions. As such the management issues that are experienced in other organizations are also replicated in the health sector. The organizational behavior is important to the management in the modern heath care environment.  Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay PaperChallenges from the organizations which range from the accomplishments and professionalism continue to be felt in the organizational behavior. For instance, the heath care providers have highly skilled professionals who are supposed to adhere to a code of reliable systems to ensure delivery of health services. Apparently the heath professionals such as physicians work autonomously and as such the management must find the right balance to enhance the productivity of the workforce while giving the physicians their autonomy. In the current financial conditions the health workers are expected to deliver on quality health services amid stiff competition and more coordination in delivering such complex services. In addition, the labor challenges are present in modern health care organizations placing more strain on the few heath care professionals available. Indeed, with escalating costs of delivering heath care services and reducing reimbursements it has been become imperative for the managers to be equipped with skills on the organizational behavior for the better coordination and productivity of the available workforce. With the increased demand for outpatient services and aging population the provision of the health care services requires better management of the workforce against the backdrop of the above challenges. But this calls for the managers to have skills on the organizational behaviour.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Another scenario in which the management team in the health sector should be equipped with the right skills n addressing issues concerning the employees is outlined. Understanding organizational behavior would prove important in an instance where there is high rate of absenteeism. However, instead of the managers evaluating the underlying problem they end up sacking the physicians. The managers could be inhospitable with the workers avoiding their presence leading to an unhealthy relationship which translate to absenteeism. This is another instance in the modern working environment that a manager requires such skills in enhancing the productivity of the worker and reduces this rate of absenteeism.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

2. Employees and organizational behaviour

Organizational behaviour in organizations is used to improve productivity, enhancing the workers job satisfaction, increasing employee retention, reducing turnover and enhancing commitment from the employees. But why is learning organizational behavior also important for employees? Most organizations nowadays are increasingly using groups in carrying out some of the tasks. Working in a group requires cohesion and understanding the attitude and developing interpersonal relationships with the rest of the members. As part of the group it then becomes important for each individual to be equipped with the organizational behavior skills to ensure smooth relation with the rest of the group members.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Organizational behaviour enhances empowerment, job satisfaction and ethical behavior from employees. An employee is part of the organization and is every worker is important in the achievement of the goals of organizations in sectors such as healthcare. Being equipped with organizational behaviour skills ensures a healthy relationship with the management. This is due to the exposure already acquired on the challenges the management team faces in attaining effectiveness and productivity in the organization.

It also goes without saying that learning on organizational behavior leads to self improvement on areas such as perception, personality and attitude. This becomes important in other areas rather than the work environment. It is also worth mentioning that an employee could be absorbed to be a member of the management team in future and it thus it becomes preferable to have the skills on managing the workforce before hand. As a matter of fact this also helps as the individual is able to understand the challenges facing the employee and the management owing to the exposure on both levels.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

3. Perception

Perception can be defined as the process by which the individuals in a workplace are able to select, organize, interpret, retrieve and respond to certain information. Indeed it could be argued that how an individual perceives or thinks about a situation determines the organizational behavior. In the perceptual process the information is subject to distortion and in which case this leads to an individual acting on incomplete or incorrect information. Information is obtained via the senses of hearing, feeling, sight, taste and smelling.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Theories

In studying human perception several theories have been put forward and they all concede that individuals respond to a situation in regard to how they perceive it. Perception as studied by Bandura (1977) is able to be affected by expectation. In a health sector scenario a worker is motivated to handle a responsibility with the expectations that after completion of the task there will be a valued outcome. The individual perception is incorporated and the manager’s expectation is tailored on the organization goals.

Besides the expectancy theory there also exists the attribution theory which seeks to reaffirm that inferences are made to explain on the observations made. However, perception where wrong attributes to an observed behavior are made can occur. This is referred to as fundamental attribute error which leads to wrong judgment (Jack, 2004). For instance in a health care scenario a manager may cause a fundamental attribute error by presuming that a physician who comes to work late is lazy where as there is an underlying explanation.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Factors influencing perceptual process

Characteristic of the perceiver and setting

This entails influence which is attributed to the perceivers past experiences, motive, personality, values and the attitude (Leary, 1964). It is common knowledge that individuals are selective perceivers on basis of interests, experiences and even attitudes. The individuals develop heuristics in processing of information where the complex process of perception is simplified based on past experiences. The degree of perception or judgment according to Das and Teng (1999) could be biased with the perception being based on use of limited information due to a belief or an assumption already held. As such this limits on the options available due to the selection of already predetermined outcomes. In addition, the biasness of the perceiver towards a situation could lead to the undermining the seriousness and the possibilities available. This also constricts on the outcomes available to due to the simplification of the problem. On the other hand, the overestimation of the capability of a perceiver could also lead to deficient information processing and flawed perception. Finally the degree on the possibility of occurrence could also blind the perceiver in making the right solution or limiting the outcomes possible.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Characteristic of the setting and perceived

This pertain the various physical, social and organizational contexts (Lenten, 1969). The process of perception is influenced by the perceived by characteristics such as contrast, intensity, figure ground separation, size, motion and repetition (Denzel, 1991). Indeed, the perceived could be judged by the individuals from contrasting with other situations and objects having similar characteristics. As such, the perception arrived at is likely to be evaluated from the outcome of this similarity.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Stages of the perceptual process

Selection

By selective screening an individual obtains information via controlled processing or screening the perceiver’s consciousness (Billy, 1991). However Jane (1992) argues that before the selection of information there is perceptual grouping where individual stimuli are classified into recognizable categories having similar patterns. Grouping is done on the basis of continuity, proximity, similarity or closure  Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Organization

This entails use of schemas which are cognitive frameworks that respond to a stimulus according to the experience obtained over time. Schemas could be self, person, script or person in self schemas (William, 1973). Under schema the reality between the attributes based on expectations is studied. The person schema deals with the individual’s traits and actions. On the other hand the script schema dictates how various events are meant to follow each other. Finally there is also the schema based on various roles which are related to their requisite expectations and appropriate behavior. The sharing of schemas in health care organizations becomes important with the strategies decided upon by the managers being consistent with the individual schemas. It could be observed that with the sharing of the schemas the organizations behaviours can appropriately be defined.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Interpretation and retrieval

It is worth noting that the ways in which individuals interpret information vary. Through selective perception individuals are able to interpret information which they consider being of interest, of their background, from previous experiences or even based on their attitudes. On the other hand retrieval involves obtaining information which is stored in the memory.

The Perception Process

Stereo typing and perception Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Stereotype is one type of perceptual distortions other distortions being halo effects, selective perception and projection. Prototype is used when organizing information overload in social identity. If ineffective in concealing the individual differences it becomes stereotyping. The human memory has schemas and which provide with expectations on different events, objects, people and situations. In general this process of information processes is what we call perception. Perception is not a distortion but a process. On the other hand, the stereotyping is relying on generalized and simplified conceptions which could be harmful on extension to an individual. For instance in describing a bird u really on the prototype of a bird one knows. It could be described it flies in general has wings and so forth. However such a prototype becomes a stereotype when it is extended to a chicken because it doesn’t fly.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

4. Groups

A group in an organization comprising of two or ore people working together to fulfill the goals of an organization by performing specific tasks. As such groups are instrumental in the organization as they help in execution of important tasks. But are groups more effective than individual decision making? Groups in an organization bring synergy due to cohesiveness. Under such an arrangement the work preformed is more than the accomplishment that would have been achieved individually. As such the role of synergy in a group is important in helping the organizations meet their long term and short term goals.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Groups are considered to be more beneficial than the individuals as the contribution is encouraged by sharing of information. Besides problem solving being consultative groups are able to exploit the production practices such as division of labour which enhances more effectiveness. Where innovation is required in an organization group’s contribution is preferred due to its better performance. However, it is worth noting that the group performance in an organization is also subject to social loafing which is reduces on the effectiveness. The reduced performance as a result of social loafing is attributed to the lack of recognition of the individual contribution (Miguel, 2003). In addition, imbalance in the contribution of the members could also lead to some individuals having more workload and discouraging them in the group participation. However, the problem of social loafing can be avoided with the members being assigned clear roles to maximize on the individual potential and interest. Accountability which is prevalent in an individual work relationship should be encouraged by having a rewarding scheme where individual output is recognized.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

The individual performance in the group could be affected through social facilitation. This is another setback of the group work over the individual work relationship in an organization. Social facilitation could be either negative or positive. It could be defined as the tendency of an individual behavior to being influenced by the rest of the work force. As such in a group performance individuals who are not well versed with their responsibilities may be hindered with their productivity. Conversely the task performance of the individuals well versed with their responsibilities is positively affected.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Types of groups

The formal groups in an organization may be temporary or permanent. The temporary work group may be referred to as a group which is created to solve a certain problem or carry out a specific task on a short term basis. On the other hand permanent task group besides having long term tenure are vertically integrated in the structure of the organization. It is worth noting that virtual groups in an organization perform on their task assigned through a networked system and do not have physical meeting. Virtual groups carryout their tasks in a groupware unlike in face-to-face group. The groups in an organizational can have another variation where they could be also be informal. Informal work groups are pivotal in an organization by supplementing the tasks of the formal work groups. The groups are also social in nature and they enrich on their individual members.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

The development of groups goes through stages in ensuring their effective performance. Initially the first stage involves the coming together of the members. The forming stage is important for familiarization of the members and in-depth understanding of the task assigned to the group. In addition, at this stage formulation of the rules in guiding the group and code of ethics is drafted. The next stage is the storming stage where the level of emotion and tension among the members is usually high (Helen, 2006). At this stage members are busy integrating with each other, understanding interpersonal styles and being accustomed to their new working arrangement. After the storming stage come the norming stage where the group starts holding together for amore coordinated performance (Jade, 2006). The most important stage is the performing development and this is when the real task is done. The working relationship is cemented at this stage with the teething problems having been addressed. The adjourning stage marks the end of well functioning group. Michael (2003) argues out that a group which had been well integrated and was functioning well should be able to disband effortlessly having completed the assigned task.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Group’s dynamics

As earlier seen in the forming stage of the work group the formal code of conduct and the required behaviors are formulated on the onset. However, during the tenure of the group there are emergent behaviors which are displayed by the members in addition to the required behaviors. The relationships in the group could be classified into three facets. The first facet entails the specific work mandated to be performed by the group. The interpersonal communication is also important. The final facet in the relationship entails the sentiments which form the attitudes and the feelings held among the members. The negative aspects of the inter-group dynamic can sap the synergy of the group leading to unhealthy relationship. As a matter of fact members of the group may find that they are spending too much time in resolving internal conflicts instead of concentrating on the task at hand.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Decision making in a group is made through lack of response, authority rule, minority rile, majority rule, consensus and unanimity (Michael, 2003). Unlike where there is the individual relationship between an employee and an organization, in a group work relationship there are myriad of benefits associated with these methods of decision making. The decision making in a group being consultative is able to utilize the expertise of the members making the problem-solving easier. The decision arrived at democratically becomes acceptable to all members and this reinforces the individual commitment from the individual members. The system however has some disadvantages. For instance, unlike in a situation where an individual is likely to make a faster decision group-decision-making process is time consuming. The ‘group think’ is another disadvantage of the group work in an organization where the members in a group loose their evaluation capabilities leading to poor decisions being made (Steven, 2004). More over, in a group work setting the decision making process of the group may be dominated by a clique making it ineffective.

In forestalling the setbacks associated with the formal groups the decision making process is improved through several techniques. Richard (2007) lists these techniques to be brainstorming, Delphi method, computer mediated process and nominal group technique. In brainstorming criticism is not acceptable and the members are allowed to quickly generate ideas, alternatives and permits free wheeling. On the other hand, nominal group technique entails developing a nominal question where every body participates without criticism from the rest of the members. The Delphi method is usually used where the members in a group are not able to meet physically. The process is detailed and involves sending questions electronically to the members with the coordinator then receiving the responses and developing a questionnaire (Edward, 1990). After receiving the various responses a summary of the responses is prepared by the coordinator who then sends it back to the members together with the questionnaire which has been developed. This process arrives at a decision which has to be agreed upon by all the members. Finally there is the computer aided method where brainstorming is done through virtual means. The above arrangements help in bringing the effectiveness in a group’s decision making process while encouraging the participation from all the members.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Groupthink

As already noted earlier group think is one setback of working in a group. Where as working together could lead to cohesive decision making groupthink also leads to poor decision-making. Janis (1983) defines groupthink as the tendency of the members of a group to loose focus of their judgment and mental efficiency in carrying out of the task given due to in-group pressures. This is one characteristic of group work that is not in an individual relationship with an organization. On the other hand, when members are working in a group there is pressure for uniformity and unanimity. As such with the big responsibility being bestowed on the members there is that tendency of feeling invincible and morally right. In particular the member participation may be hindered with the group working in a stereotypical way. The complacency and insulation from outside influence ultimately leads to poor decision making. Groupthink is also contributed by lack of proper formulation of a plan to be followed by the group in fulfilling its task. As such decisions are made erratically due to lack of a clear protocol. In essence, it could be argued that groupthink is brought along by cohesiveness, the isolation of the group, leader intimidation and lack of proper plan in decision making (Neck, 1994). Even though groupthink contributes to poor performance of a group in an organization these drawbacks can be avoided. One major way of avoiding group think is by ‘options memo technique’. By options memo technique the work assigned to the group is clearly outlined (Raymond, 1999). On the other hand, isolation which may cause groupthink can be prevented by introducing new members into the group to offer expert advice, recommendation and evaluation of the work done.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

The cohesiveness of the group has been found to be one cause of groupthink. In forestalling its negative effects the competing ideas in decision making among the members could lead to the destruction of this cohesion. As such the rebuilding of the cohesion becomes necessary after a certain period of time. This could be achieved by integrating several methods in decision making such as brainstorming and voting processes. As such participation of the dissatisfied members is enhanced through such brainstorming sessions. This engages the participation of all members of the group in the decision making process. Morehead (1998) calls this decompression and it is necessary in addressing the conflict of ideas and reestablishing the bonds between the members.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

In conclusion it is obvious that individual decision making becomes ineffective where important decision making is required and where contribution and consultation is necessary. Individual decision making is bound to be influenced by selective perception with decisions being made on the basis of self interest (Scribd, 2008). In addition, the limited knowledge by one individual becomes a huge setback where the decision requires a solution from a wealth of ideas. Even though the groups are faced by challenges such as groupthink and other issues these problems can be addressed making the decision making in a group to be more preferred as compared to individual decision making. The benefits that are offered by the group decision making far outweigh the disadvantages as the involvement of the members also helps in imparting them with the skills on organizational behavior and more productivity for the company.Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper

Human Behavior in Organizations
Human behavior in an organization can be quite amusing at times or it can be depressing. Many people are naïve to the fact that individuals act out in a certain manner because they want attention, to see how others will react to a situation, or they are genuinely trying to help and be a good employer. There are so many different individuals within an organization that all have different personalities, values, beliefs, perceptions, and etc. Human behavior helps to enhance an individual’s understanding as to why people act the way that they do as well as assist with ways to help manage people within the organization. Managers must be able to be a leader while handling the leadership role, understand organizational culture and structure, and manage individual behavior.
A leader is someone who creates a vision for the future, who motivates and inspire people, coaches, and builds a team to help achieve the vision. Leaders set the direction and help themselves and others to do the right thing along the way. People tend to respond well to leaders because they can motivate and that gives them a sense of hope to achieve something. Becoming a good leader takes time and within that time an individual will become a great leader. . When the word leadership comes about one may think about an executive director, a political leader, or a motivational speaker. Leadership can mean different things to different people. In leadership, a leader must put a plan together to direct the people in the most efficient way, such as a manager. Speaking of putting a plan together, managers must effectively plan in order to make good decisions for the organization. Policy And Organizational Behavior 4 Essay Paper