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HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper

HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper

HIV/AIDS is the world’s most serious public health issue. According to UNAIDS, more than 38 million individuals are HIV-positive, with 95 percent being adults (Sanhueza-Sanzana et al.,2021). Although HIV/AIDS is a serious healthcare concern in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) claims that the yearly infection rate has been dropping since the epidemic’s peak in the mid-1980s (Linley et al.,2021). Despite progress, the country has been unable to meet the 90-90-90 treatment target. Socioeconomic disparities have chiefly fueled this. HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper

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Despite being a middle-income country, Brazil has received international acclaim from organizations like UNAIDS for its pioneering approach to the HIV epidemic, including the vigorous pursuit of universal ART and anti-stigma campaigns. It has achieved undetectable viral loads of 62 percent compared to other countries with more sophisticated economies, such as the United States (Marinho et al.,2022). However, the prevalence is highest among low-income people, notably non-white persons.

In contrast to Brazil and the United States, Japan is estimated to have fewer HIV cases. Minor cases of HIV occur as a result of afflicted populations’ lack of access to sexual health care and social marginalization (Wang et al.,2022)HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper. Homosexual contact has been shown to surpass all other modalities of transmission. Stigma and discriminatory behavior have been shown to hamper AIDS/HIV prevention and accomplishment of the UNAIDS objective.

Japan has a decent record of HIV prevalence; however, sex education is required to fulfill the UNAIDS target. Since the United States has a more evolved economy, little effort is being made to eliminate social and economic disparities across ethnic groups. Brazil’s anti-stigma campaign is critical in combating and halting the spread of the disease.

As nurses, we are the standard solutions to the world’s high HIV infection rate. We have a role in pushing for uneven access to healthcare resources, raising HIV awareness, and educating the general population about disease processes and sex life (Salem, 2019)HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper. Nurses also have a role in offering emotional support and counseling to patients to reduce the stigma that impedes adherence to ART.

References

Linley, L., Johnson, A. S., Song, R., Hu, S., Wu, B., Hall, H. I., … & Friend, M. (2021). Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States 2010–2019.

Marinho Falcão, E. M., de Macedo, P. M., Freitas, D. F. S., Freitas, A. D. A., Grinsztejn, B., Veloso, V. G., … & do Valle, A. C. F. (2022). Paracoccidioidomycosis in people with HIV/AIDS: A historical retrospective cohort study in a national reference center for infectious diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 16(6), e0010529.

Salem, O. A. (2019). Nurses’ knowledge and practices in infection prevention and control within a tertiary care hospital. Annals of medical and health sciences research.

Sanhueza-Sanzana, C., Kerr, L., & Kendall, C. (2021)HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper. Mortality from AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in the Chilean AIDS Cohort of 2000-2017. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 37.

Wang, Y., Tanuma, J., Li, J., Iwahashi, K., Peng, L., Chen, C., … & Gilmour, S. (2022). Elimination of HIV transmission in Japanese MSM with combination interventions. The Lancet Regional Health-Western Pacific, 23, 100467.

One of the most significant health concerns in the United States is HIV/AIDs. Since the epidemic of the 1980s, it has remained one of the leading health problems within the United States despite antiretroviral treatment (ART). According to UNAIDS (2020),  despite progress, the aim for a 90-90-90 target was unable to be met. Instead of 90% of individuals knowing they have HIV/AIDs, 81% know of it (UNAIDS 2020). 66% are on ART, and only 59% have reached levels in which the virus is undetected. To better understand the failures, comparing the United States and its approach to developed and undeveloped countries is essential. Where do these countries succeed? Where do they fail? Where do nurses fit in? These are essential questions that need to be answered HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper.

One of the many obstacles in controlling HIV/AIDs within the United States is the various socioeconomic disparities that significantly affect the level of care for individuals who have AIDs/HIV. In a study conducted by Glynn et al. (2019), reaching the UNAIDS goal had several obstacles. Poverty, depression, and anxiety were all correlated with poor adherence to ART, and unprotected sex at detectable viral loads. This is similar to a study conducted in Brazil which analyzed characteristics of individuals living with AIDs/HIV. In a study by Cunha et al. (2022), it was found these individuals had similar characteristics to those in the study by Glynn et al. (2019)HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper. Many of these individuals were of lower socioeconomic background, the majority of whom were identified as non-white. Despite how advanced economically the United States is compared to Brazil, these economic disparities are major contributors to HIV/AIDs profiles and high risk.

In comparison, when compared to the United States to Japan, there are significant differences. Japan has had a relatively low prevalence of HIV/AIDs in comparison to both the United States and Brazil, which have had difficulty in reducing the levels to the 90-90-90 goal of the UNAIDS (2020). Rather than socioeconomic disparities being a driver as in the United States, for Japan, the issue becomes a lack of access to sexual health, particularly for homosexual men (Kazuki, 2021). Discriminatory behaviors were also a major driving force in controlling AIDS/HIV and meeting the UNAIDS goal.

Japan has demonstrated better outcomes for controlling AIDS/HIV despite its difficulties. What can be learned on the part of the United States is managing the socioeconomic disparities. Sexual health access was not considered a driver in the U.S. as it was in Japan. For Brazil, it shares the same weaknesses as the U.S. in its socioeconomic disparities, which have made it challenging to meet the UNAID goals established HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper.

Nurses can be the standard solution for several of these problems. Ludgardis et al. (2018) conducted a study in which the role of nurses was analyzed and found their role as caregivers and counselors was crucial for providing nursing care and education. In order to resolve the issues within  Japan, Brazil, and the United States, an increase in nurse personnel is necessary. As nurses are viewed with trust, they can provide education and guidance on managing HIV/AIDS.

 

Cunha Duarte Coêlho, M. R., Rocha Lopes, T. R., Gonçales, J. P., Araujo Bezerra, L., Lopes Ribeiro, M., Mendes de Oliveira Cahú, G. G., & Joaquim Silva Júnior, J. V. (2022). Retrospective observational study on the epidemiological profile of people living with HIV/AIDS in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 16(2), 346–351. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15286

Glynn, T. R., Safren, S. A., Carrico, A. W., Mendez, N. A., Duthely, L. M., Dale, S. K., Jones, D. L., Feaster, D. J., & Rodriguez, A. E. (2019). High levels of syndemics and their association with adherence, viral non-suppression, and biobehavioral transmission risk in Miami, a US City with an HIV/AIDS Epidemic. AIDS and Behavior, 23(11), 2956–2965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02619-0

Kazuki Shimizu. (2021). A SWOT Analysis of the Guidelines on Prevention of HIV/AIDS in Japan in the Context of COVID-19. Infectious Disease Reports, 13(87), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13040087 HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper

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Ludgardis Ramni, A Widanti S, & Hadi Sulistiyanto. (2018). The Role Of Doctors And Nurses In Hiv/Aids Handling Efforts Of The Gays. Soepra: Jurnal Hukum Kesehatan, 4(1), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.24167/shk.v4i1.1484

UNAIDS (2020, September 21) 90–90–90: good progress, but the world is off-track for hitting the 2020 targets https://www.unaids.org/en/90-90-90 HIV/AIDS Healthcare Concern Discussion Paper