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Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment

Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment

Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix

Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:

Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study.
Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each policy.
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the global health issue you selected. Be specific and provide examples. Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment
Using the WHO’s Organization’s global health agenda as well as the results of your own research, analyze how each country’s government addresses cost, quality, and access to the global health issue selected.

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Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the health of the global population. Be specific and provide examples.
Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the role of the nurse in each country.
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. Be specific and provide examples.
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change

Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment and the impact that global health issues may have on the world, the U.S., your community, as well as your practice as a nurse leader.

In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader. Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment

Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples

must have 3 sources, 1 to include WHO website

Must complete the table and 1 page narrative  Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment

Portfolio Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement

 

Global Healthcare Issue  

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (commonly known as HIV/AIDS)

  National HIV/AIDS Policy

 
Country United States

 

 South Africa
Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue The United States has developed and implementation a national strategy aimed at addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The U.S. National HIV/AIDS policy covers the prevention, treatment, funding and support services provided to people at risk or living with HIV/AIDS. The National HIV/AIDS strategy (2022-25) offers a wide range of stakeholders across the United States to accelerate interventions aimed at ending the HIV pandemic in the country by 2030 (Siplon, 2020). Developed by the White House’s office of National AIDS Policy, the strategy establishes a clear vision and goals on prevention of new HIV infections, improvements in HIV-related outcomes of persons with HIV/AIDS, reduction in health inequities and disparities, and attainment of coordinated, integrated efforts aimed at tackling this pertinent health issue among all stakeholders and partners (White House, 2021)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment. South Africa’s HIV/AIDS Policy has evolved over the last 25 years in favor of a more cautious prevention and treatment policy. The policy touches on a number of key areas namely: AIDS-related care and support, research, management, empowerment, and representivity.  Equally, strong emphasis in the national policies on HIV/AIDs in South Africa is placed on stakeholder collaboration in the prevention, treatment and management of HIV/AIDS cases (Fourie & Swart, 2017).
What are the strengths of this policy?  

  • It provides a detailed analysis of the 78 strategies and 21 objectives for federal and non-federal stakeholders and parties to enforce in order to attain the set goals.
  • It designates the top priority populations unacceptably affected by the HIV/AIDs pandemic to bolster efficiency in resource mobilization and allocation
  • It identifies the nine core indicators to inform the monitoring and evaluation of national progress in relation to reduction of HIV-related disparities.
  • It focuses on the realization and improvement of HIV prevention and surveillance efforts among at-risk populations.
  • Established the financing system for HIV/AIDS care and treatment services in the country.
  • The new HIV/AIDs policy reinforces the centrality of preventing the transmission of HIV from mother-to-child.
  • Strong emphasis on increasing access to ART as opposed to the use of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) rationing model initially recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016).
  • Calls for enhancing funding for AIDS-related care and treatment.
What are the weaknesses of this policy?
  • The National AIDS policy is the United States has yet to full prioritize vulnerable groups. HIV/AIDs are still a major public health problem with devastating implications on vulnerable populations including members of the LGBQT community, drug users, and minority ethnic/racial groups (Jones & Salazar, 2018)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment.
  • Racial disparities, stigma and health disparities have greatly undermined the implementation of outcomes-oriented, government-wide interventions aimed at ensuring the provision of target services to the diverse patient populations (CDC, 2020).
  • Lack of clear coordination between the various departments and agencies in funding of AIDs services and programs.
  • Reduced stakeholder participation in policy-implementation as a result of lack of proper information and data for decision-making.
  • Complex barriers to access to HIV-related care and treatment
  • The interplay of structural and personal issues and system failures.
  • Inadequate resources at the local and national levels to tackle the multi-factorial issues associated with HIV/AIDs as identified under the policy.
  • Reduced collaboration between the public and private health care sectors in the development and adoption of effective, evidence-driven HIV prevention and treatment approaches (Johnson et al., 2022).
Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)

 

 In the United States, a myriad of social determinants including gender disparities, economic inequality, homophobia, racial discrimination and poverty have contributed to the creation of vulnerabilities to HIV infection (WHO, 2016). These social determinants have also led to wanting health and patient care outcomes, and hence a majority of the individuals affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic have poor access to quality, patient-centered AIDS-related care and support (White House, 2021)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment.

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 South Africa has been heavily affected by the AIDS pandemic due to a range of social determinants. A number of key factors such as high prevalence of risky-sexual behaviors; high levels of sexually-transmitted infections; poor socio-economic conditions; lack of proper information on HIV prevention and treatment; cultural taboos and norms around sex and sexual relations; gender-based violence; and lack of access to proper care and support have exacerbated the spread of HIV and increased the rates of infections among both men and women in the country (Johnson et al., 2022).
How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? In terms of cost, the financing of AIDS prevention and treatment services and programs is sourced from a myriad of public and private contributions at the local, state and federal levels (Jones & Salazar, 2018). In terms of quality, the adoption of evidence-based HIV prevention and treatment programming has helped to boost the delivery of high-quality and cost-effective HIV-related care. In terms of access, the increased collaboration between federal and non-federal partners has been integral in the implementation of the HIV/AIDS policy in the United States with the core intention of attaining the set policy-level goals and objectives (CDC, 2020). Whilst the South African government is estimated to spend about $2.2 billion on AIDs, implementation of the HIV/AIDs policy to ensure provision of free treatment to all HIV-infected persons triggered an additional $66 million on the annual health budget (Johnson et al., 2022). In terms of quality and access, enhanced access to ART and other tailored AID-related treatment options. In terms of access, the HIV/AIDs policy mandates the provision of AIDS-related care and treatment to all individuals living with the disease, irrespective of their immune system condition (Fourie & Swart, 2017).
How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples)
  • The identified health Policy has influenced the development of national/AIDs strategies in individual countries around the world.
  • The policy also emphasized the centrality of scientific research and practice when conducting HIV Surveillance and other HIV-related care.
  • The policy also places strong emphasis on outcomes-oriented, cross-agency approach in dealing with the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
  • The policy also reinforces the importance of quality, affordable and evidence-based AIDS-related care and treatment (Health Institute Policy, 2020)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment.

 
  • Reduced the rates of mother-to-child transmission
  • Helped to advocate for a number of issues such as HIV prevention and treatment; orphans and vulnerable children; women and girls; counseling and testing medication adherence; and the burden of disease associated with HIV/AIDs (Hodes, 2018).

 
Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country.
  • The policy calls for healthcare practitioners including nurses to utilize evidence-based interventions to bring down the incidences of HIV/AIDS.
  • The policy also emphasizes the centrality of providing patient-centered care that addresses the plethora of patient needs and issues including mental health, Housing, stigma, substance abuse as reported in a majority of persons at high-risk for HIV and those living with HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2016)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment.
  • Positioned nurses as frontline healthcare workers in identifying and meeting the needs of girls and women in the context of HIV.
  • Supports the centrality of voluntary counseling, prevention of STIs and implementation of life skills to promote prevention methods among at-risk populations (Johnson et al., 2022).
  • Reinforced the importance of evidence-based AID-related care and treatment.

 
Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples)
  • Increased involvement of local healthcare organizations (e.g. hospitals, clinics) in coordination activities aimed at supporting implementation of the national strategy, including access to federal programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and the Care Act (Health Institute Policy, 2020).
  • Strong emphasis on local organizations to adopt evidence-based strategies when responding to the HIV/AIDS scourge in distinct environments such as schools, prison and jails and clinical care contexts (White House, 2021).
  • Increased funding for HIV programming to ensure attainment of outcome targets (e.g. enhanced care access and utilization, reduction in HIV incidences, and improvements in treatment quality) (Siplon, 2020)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment.
  • Enhanced focus implementing the constitutional right to access to healthcare for vulnerable or disadvantaged persons such as men in prison.
  • Implementation of collaborative initiatives aimed at promoting HIV/AIDs awareness, as well as prevention and treatment among at-risk individuals and groups.
  • Initiation of healthcare reforms aimed at tackling health disparities and inequities that disproportionately undermine the delivery of affordable, accessible, and high-quality AID-related care and support (Hodes, 2018).
General Notes/Comments  

Indeed, the comprehensive policy-level response by the United States has contributed to the many positive benefits including significant reduction in HIV incidence and improvements in HIV-related care and treatment. However, health inequities, stigma, and lack of access to appropriate care have stalled America’s response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic as a global health issue.

 Given the nature of the HIV/AIDs pandemic as a public health crisis and a chronic condition in South Africa, the new HIV/AIDS policy provides a comprehensive framework for tackling this global health problem. However, concerted efforts at the individual, organizational and societal levels are required to respond to the multi-dimensional concerns and issues revolving around AIDS-related care, prevention and treatment in highly multi-cultural environments such as South Africa.

PART B

Research has shown that both the United States and South Africa have some of the highest rates of HIV infection and positive cases, with the current estimates indicating that 1.2 million Americans and 8 million South Africans are currently living with HIV (Johnson et al., 2022; CDC, 2020). Siplon (2020) explained that policy-level interventions aimed at addressing the AIDs pandemic are often focused on providing clear Action Frameworks to assist in the implementation of tailored strategies and methods in the context of HIV. In nursing, the centrality of adopting the global perspective in the local practice is informed by the greater need for comprehensive measures to tackle the distinct needs and demands of HIV-infected patients and/or at-risk populations (Health Institute Policy, 2020)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment. Johnson et al. (2022) noted that increased collaboration between stakeholders and partners in both the public and private health sectors is urgently required as the fundamental basis for ensuring enhanced access to integrated sexual, HIV and reproductive health services and care by the vulnerable individuals and populations within the local settings.

As a nurse leader, the incorporation of a global perspective can support the adoption of a human rights approach in the context of HIV. Fourie and Swart (2017) noted that the HIV pandemic is associated with detrimental effects on the infected persons, their families, communities, and the society at large. Therefore, nursing leadership will provide the requisite strategic support and guidance to local partners and stakeholders with the core intention of dealing with the issues of nutrition, food, lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and livelihoods within the realms of HIV/AIDs. As a result, increased collaboration between healthcare practitioners as well as federal and non-federal partners must be encouraged and promoted by the nurse leader the starting point for ensuring a broad consensus for an effective, evidence-based local as well as national respond to the HIV/AIDs crisis (Jones & Salazar, 2018)Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment.

References

CDC, (2020).HIV Prevention in the United States: Mobilizing to End the Epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/policies/cdc-hiv-prevention-bluebook.pdf

Fourie, P., & Swart, C. (2017). South Africa’s HIV and AIDS response. Modern State Development, Capacity, and Institutions, 117-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nzg214.11

Health Institute Policy, (2020).HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment: Are public policies keeping pace with an evolving epidemic? https://hpi.georgetown.edu/hiv/

Hodes, R. (2018). HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.299

Johnson, L. F., Meyer-Rath, G., Dorrington, R. E., Puren, A., Seathlodi, T., Zuma, K., & Feizzadeh, A. (2022).The Effect of HIV Programs in South Africa on National HIV Incidence Trends, 2000–2019. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 90(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000002927

Jones, J., & Salazar, L. (2018). A historical overview of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Social Disparities in Health and Health Care, 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34004-3_2

Siplon, P. (2020). HIV/AIDS politics and policy in U.S. states and localities. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1222

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White House, (2021).National HIV/AIDS Strategy. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/National-HIV-AIDS-Strategy.pdf

WHO, (2016).Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV 2016–2021. Towards Ending Aids. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246178/WHO-HIV-2016.05-eng.pdf;jsessionid=E39C83F7D5405D23DD484A05A84AD119?sequence=1 Global Health Comparison Matrix Essay Assignment