Discussion About The Various Types Of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus consist of a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by a derangement in metabolism of carbohydrates caused by defective insulin secretion or action. The various types of diabetes include;

Type 1 diabetes

It is also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and is one of the most commonly found chronic diseases in childhood that is brought about by insulin deficiency due destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin according to the American Diabetes Association (Lucier & Weinstock, 2022)Discussion About The Various Types Of Diabetes. Some of the factors associated with the disorder include; genetic susceptibility, autoimmunity and environmental causes that include; viruses.

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Type 2 diabetes

Also referred to as insulin independent diabetes mellitus and is described by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and relative impairment of insulin secretion (Goyal & Ishwarlal Jialal, 2021). Some of the factors related to an increased risk of for onset of type 2 diabetes include; genetic susceptibility, obesity, conditions with insulin resistance such as PCOS and Cushing syndrome.

Gestational diabetes

Described as any degree of glucose intolerance with first identification or onset during pregnancy which mostly occurs in the second or third trimester. It can either be classified as diet-controlled gestational diabetes (A1GDM) which is diabetes in pregnancy managed without medications and is responsive to nutritional therapy whereas A2GDM has to be managed with medications to achieve good glycemic control. The etiology of gestational diabetes is related to; remarkable insulin resistance secondary to placental hormonal release Discussion About The Various Types Of Diabetes.

Risk factors associated with GDM include; obesity, hypertension, familial history of diabetes, previous delivery of a macrosomic, malformed baby or IUFD. According to Quintanilla & Heba Mahdy, (2022), women with GDM have an increased likelihood of developing overt diabetes within 20 years of delivery.

Juvenile diabetes

It is now known as type 1 diabetes mellitus with the realization that it can occur at any age.

Treatment of gestational diabetes

The American College of Gynecologist recommends non-pharmacological measures such as exercise, dietary modification and glucose monitoring in the initial management of gestational diabetes. Insulin therapy is recommended when the standard dietary measures do not consistently maintain an FBS of <5.8mmol/l or RBS <6.7mmol/l. oral hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin and glyburide are increasingly being used in GDM.

Insulin dosage is calculated using the patient’s weight formula of 0.2IU/kg/day. In the 1^st trimester, the total insulin required daily is 0.7IU.kg/day, in the 2^nd trimester it is 0.8IU/kg/day and in the 3^rd it is 0.9-1.0IU/kg/day. Regular or rapid-acting insulin is often divided into two; one half is administered as basal insulin at bedtime whereas the other half is divided between three meals (Quintanilla & Heba Mahdy, 2022)Discussion About The Various Types Of Diabetes.  Side effects associated with insulin administration include; hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy, lipohypertrophy and allergic reaction at the injection site. There is no dietary restriction when using insulin; however, patients are encouraged to take up good dietary habits to achieve good glycemic control.

Impact of gestational diabetes

Complications of GDM are classified as either maternal or fetal. They include;

Maternal

• Pre-eclampsia
• Overt diabetes
• Increased likelihood of cesarean section delivery
• Hypertension
• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Neuropathy
• Coronary artery disease.

Fetal

• Congenital anomalies
• Macrosomia
• Increased perinatal mortality
• Hyperbilirubinemia
• Shoulder dystocia
• Neonatal hypoglycemia
• Hypocalcemia
• Preterm delivery

References

Goyal, R., & Ishwarlal Jialal. (2021, September 28). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/

Lucier, J., & Weinstock, R. S. (2022, May 11). Diabetes Mellitus Type 1. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507713/

Quintanilla, B. S., & Heba Mahdy. (2022, February 26). Gestational Diabetes. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545196/ Discussion About The Various Types Of Diabetes

‌A brief explanation of the differences between the types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. Describe one type of drug used to treat the type of diabetes you selected, including proper preparation and administration of this drug. Be sure to include dietary considerations related to treatment. Then, explain the short-term and long-term impact of this type of diabetes on patients. including effects of drug treatments. Be specific and provide examples.