Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

Bone densitometry, also known as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA), is a leading clinical tool for evaluating bone mineral density in the assessment of osteoporosis (Krugh and Langaker, 2021). The tool has been in use since its approval for clinical use by the Food and Drug Administration in 1988. Diagnostic modalities like direct dissection, chemical analysis, ashing and quantitative ultrasonography as well as the Bone Mass Measurements Act of 1998 verified the validity of the instrument. This paper discusses the instrument concerning its purpose, how it is used, what information it gathers, and the tool’s validity and reliability as well as issues with its sensitivity and predictive values.  Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

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Its Purpose

The instrument is primarily used to diagnose osteoporosis and to evaluate a person’s risk of developing fractures due to osteoporosis (Radiologyinfo.org., 2022). As a result, the instrument is considered the most appropriate standard and commonly used tool for osteoporosis diagnosis. Osteoporosis is a prevalent non-pathological illness of bones that induces disastrous effects in terms of psychological, physical, economic, and social loss (Alawi et al., 2021). Early diagnosis is critical for timely intervention and prevention of osteoporosis fractures. Osteoporosis is common in women following menopause but could also be prevalent in men but scarce in children. Also, the instrument is used to track the effectiveness of treatment for osteoporosis and related conditions that induce bone loss. Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

How it is conducted

The instrument utilizes a tiny dose of ionizing radiation to generate images of the inside of the body normally the lower hips and spine (Krugh and Langaker, 2021; Jain and Vokes., 2017). For every deviation reduction in bone mineral density, there is a comparative risk of up to 2.5 times for a fracture. The patient should inform the doctor of any recently use barium exam or recent injection of contrast material for radioisotope or CT scan (Radiologyinfo.org., 2022). Female patients should notify the doctor of any probability of pregnancy and should leave jewellery at home and be ready to wear comfortable loose clothing or gowns. Additionally, patients may have to refrain from calcium supplements for at least 4 hours on the exam day. Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

What information does it gather?

The instrument gathers information by taking a bone mineral density assessment of the lumbar spine obtained through L1 via L4 vertebral bodies (Krugh and Langaker, 2021). Also, the instrument gathers bone density assessment of the hip using a greater trochanter, the femoral neck, the total hip, and the intertrochanteric region. Information on the patient’s non-dominant arm is also gathered for bone density assessment using the distal to mid radius and ulna. In a supine position on a table, a patient’s bone mineral density measurements can be taken using the lower/upper extremities and the head. Nonetheless, the lumbar spine and hip are the two sides primarily assist with DEXA.

Reliability

The instrument delivers reliable approximations of all body compositions. DEXA is accurate and quick and exposes subjects being examined to the least possible amount of ionizing radiation. The radiation is usually as low as 10% of the usual chest X-ray. The instrument enables the examiner to separate the subject body into areas of Interest including lumbar vertebral bodies. The instrument provides a swift and painless procedure. Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

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Validity/specificity

The test outcomes are usually in the t-score and the z-score formats. The T-score indicates how much a subject has compared to an adult of a younger age of the same gender who has peak bone mass. A t-score exceeding -1 is usually normal while a score line between -1 and -2.4 is regarded to be low bone mass or osteopenia. A score below -2.5 is suggestive of osteoporosis. The z-score refers to the number that compares the subject’s outcomes of bone mass with those of their age, gender or body size. Unusually high or low variations necessitate further testing. Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

The common pitfalls indexer and errors are classified as data analysis, patient positioning, artefacts, or demographics (Krugh and Langaker, 2021). Patient positioning could lead to getting right or missing significant anatomical regions or beyond normal external or internal rotation of the proximal femoral that could induce non-negligible bone mineral density value changes. Structural changes like fractures can potentially influence and artefactual an increment of bone mineral density. Artefacts like surgical clips parts of bras for vascular prosthesis can adjust the final point mineral density outcome leading to an overestimation if a metal is included in a region of interest. T-scores are usually associated with gender and race among populations and can account for errors in demographics Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper.

Conclusion

DEXA is regarded as the gold standard for bone mineral density assessment and osteoporosis diagnosis and prediction of risks for fractures. The instrument’s accuracy and precision are considered excellent but attention should be warranted if comparing outcomes across different instruments from various manufacturers unless cross-calibration has been done. The instrument is ubiquitous among international guidelines by the US preventative services task force and the World Health Organisation and is the best clinical instrument for evaluating bone mineral density in the assessment of osteoporosis Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper.

References

Alawi, M., Begum, A., Harraz, M., Alawi, H., Bamagos, S., Yaghmour, A., & Hafiz, L. (2021). Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan Versus Computed Tomography for Bone Density Assessment. Cureus, 13(2), e13261. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13261

Jain, R. K., & Vokes, T. (2017). Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, 20(3), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.014 Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

Krugh, M., & Langaker, M. D. (2021). Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

Radiology Infor.org (2022). Bone Density Scan (DEXA or DXA). Retrieved from https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/dexa

When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.

Not only do these diagnostic tests affect adults, body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.

For this Assignment, you will consider the validity and reliability of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.

To Prepare Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper
Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2). Note: Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignments from your Instructor.
Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.
If you are assigned Assignment Option 2 (Child), consider what health issues and risks may be relevant to the child in the health example.
Based on the risks you identified, consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
Consider how you could encourage parents or caregivers to be proactive toward the child’s health.
The Assignment
Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper

Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:

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A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
What is its purpose?
How is it conducted?
What information does it gather?
Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.

***The assigned Adult assessment tool/Diagnostic Test for this assignment is “Bone Dexa” Case Study Of Diagnostic Test Assignment Paper