Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders

Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders

The case scenario is of a 67-year-old man who presented with complaints of tremors in his arms. His leg has also started to tremble, which he believes is a related symptom. His son reports that he has learned that he has become increasingly rigid, making even the most essential jobs difficult. The son also mentions that his father needs aid getting out of the chair. Hand tremors and “pill-rolling” movements are seen during the physical exam. No expression on the patient’s face gives the impression that he or she is wearing a mask. In his walk, his head/neck/hips/knees are flexed forward, and his gait is erratic. He moves in a jerky or cogwheel fashion. The patient reports extreme sweating and flushing when no exercise is involved. An HCP diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease based on laboratory results. The paper explores the neurological and musculoskeletal accounts, ethnical variables, and how the processes affect the patient’s disease. Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders

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Neurological and Musculoskeletal Process

An illness classified as neurologic affects the brain and spinal cord. Neurological disorders are conditions that impact the human body’s complete nervous system. Neurological disorders impair the normal function of the brain and spinal cord (Jankovic & Tan, 2020). Commonly in old age, as seen in this scenario, the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate. These neurons are abundantly found in the part of the brain called substantia nigra. This part is a subpart of the human midbrain. in Parkinson’s disease, the dopaminergic neurons degenerate. So there is a deficiency of dopamine. So overall excitatory action of the human brain is increased. The most common neurological disease occurs due to brain degeneration, an essential organ controlling body functioning. On the other hand,  musculoskeletal disorders affect muscles, nerves, bones, joints, and cartilage. Muskuloskeletal disorders occur due to the pathological processes of the musculoskeletal system (Minetto et al., 2020)Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders. The human body’s ability to withstand physical is associated with musculoskeletal disorders. An individual’s vulnerability to the disorder will vary depending on age, weight, gender, and overall health. Genetics and ethnicity may be risk factors for these conditions.

Ethnical Variables that May Impact Physiological Functioning

The regular operation of the biological system is what we mean by “physiological functions.” It is critical to explore race and ethnicity when discussing the pathology of diseases. Genes from different ethnic groups are distinct. Parkinson’s disease is more prevalent in whites. The disease also affects males more than females. Diseases like skin cancer caused by damaging UV radiation coming into direct contact with the skin may be more prevalent in specific races than in the general population. Because white individuals lack melanin, they may be more susceptible to skin cancer than persons of color or black people. White people and persons with albinism are more susceptible to the disease because of the lack of extra melanin in their skin. Musculoskeletal disorders are related to a person’s body’s ability to resist physical activity. Neurological illnesses are caused by alterations in the structure and size of numerous bodily parts. In order to avoid these illnesses, one must maintain a healthy diet and engage in regular physical activity to improve blood flow throughout the body.

How the Disease Affects the Patient

The patient in this case scenario is in her or his olden years. The patient’s muscle tone is increased, and the body is stiff due to the two pathological processes. He may be suffering from a lack of physical activity, or there is a lack of blood flow in the nervous system due to reduced movement. Some blood vessels in the body may become clogged due to fat buildup if not exercised regularly. Leg pain, numbness, and muscle cramping are symptoms of inadequate oxygenated blood flow to other body parts. There is a lack of blood flow to the patient’s face because it looks like a mask, which indicates that the face has become impassive.

When a patient shuffles when walking, it indicates that the patient’s muscles have lost coordination due to a lack of activity or the nervous system has been impacted by Parkinson’s disease (Raza, Anjum  & Shakeel, 2019). Musculoskeletal problems are frequently linked to changes in the structure of the central nervous system (Minetto et al., 2020)Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders. The spinal cord and other vital organs may have been subjected to varying levels of stimulation. In order to deal with the stimuli, the organs must evolve mutant traits. Organs undergo shape and size changes as a result of component modifications. As we age, our bones may become more rigid, while others may become more flexible. The patient in our case study may have similar symptoms if their condition worsens. Uneven gait and arm and leg tremors may be induced by the body parts attempting to respond to the new stimuli they have received.

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Conclusion

Parkinson’s disease is a debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide, particularly the elderly. Researchers are still baffled by Parkinson’s disease, and the underlying causes remain a mystery. Non-communicable and may be inherited, it has been established that it is a disease. Extrinsic variables are implicated in the development of Parkinson’s disease. It is difficult for healthcare professionals to diagnose symptoms in the elderly because many of the same signs and symptoms appear in other conditions, including osteoporosis and the natural process of aging. Parkinson’s disease can have life-altering consequences. It is essential to treat the disease to avoid severe incapacity and degeneration of all brain functions Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders.

References

Jankovic, J., & Tan, E. K. (2020). Parkinson’s disease: Etiopathogenesis and treatment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 91(8), 795-808. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-322338

Minetto, M. A., Giannini, A., McConnell, R., Busso, C., Torre, G., & Massazza, G. (2020). Common musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly: The star triad. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041216

Raza, C., Anjum, R., & Shakeel, N. U. (2019). Parkinson’s disease: Mechanisms, translational models and management strategies. Life Sciences, 226, 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.057

Scenario 4: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following: Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders

Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
How these processes interact to affect the patient’s Disease.
Rubric Detail

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Assignment Rubric
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List View
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms.
28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms and is supported by explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.
0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.
Explain how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient.
28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research.
0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research.
Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
20 (20%) – 22 (22%) Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders
The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
18 (18%) – 19 (19%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research.
0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet they are brief and not descriptive.
3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.

No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)

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Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. Case Study For Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders