Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper

Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper

Colonoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the large gut, including the colon and rectum, as well as the distal part of the small bowel, using a colonoscope camera attached to a flexible tube that is introduced via the anus (Doubeni et al., 2016). A colonoscope is used to perform this endoscopic examination. This gadget has a camera and is incredibly long and flexible. The tool is also equipped with sections that can remove tissue for various procedures such as biopsy and culture. According to medical advice, anyone with no risk indicators for colorectal cancer should begin regular colonoscopy tests at the age of 45. Individuals’ colonoscopies are performed at different rates based on the first findings. However, if one has a higher risk of colon cancer, they may need a colonoscopy at a younger age. Having familial polyposis syndrome, having first-degree relatives such as one’s father, mother, sister, brother or child with colon cancer, having a genetic condition linked to colon cancer, having inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and having multiple relatives with colon cancer are all risk factors for colorectal cancer and require a colonoscopy procedure urgently (Doubeni et al., 2016)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper.

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The Purpose of Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is frequently used to detect bowel cancer or colon polyps and to examine gastrointestinal symptoms such as the need for a bowel movement that is not relieved even after having one, blood in the stool, rectal bleeding with bright red blood, weakness and fatigue, continuous abdominal pain, cramping, and bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as the frequency, ease, color, and consistency of the poop (Moreno et al., 2016)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

How Colonoscopy is Conducted

Colonoscopy is a procedure that takes about thirty to sixty minutes and is conducted by a skilled doctor. Before the procedure, the patient is required to do a colon prep, a process that cleans out the colon in readiness for colonoscopy. Colon prep may entail restricting or eliminating some solid foods some days before the procedure. The restriction also involves some fluid consumption. Also, the patient may also be required to take some laxatives through the mouth. To make the patient feel comfortable and drowsy, the patient is sedated moderately prior to the procedure. On the examining table, the patient is requested to lie on their left side. During a colonoscopy, the doctor uses a colonoscope, which is a long, flexible, tubular instrument with a diameter of about half an inch that transmits pictures of the colon lining to an external monitor where the doctor checks for any abnormalities. The colonoscope is inserted into the rectum and advanced to the other end of the colon. The scope bends to allow the doctor to maneuver it around the colon’s curves (Moreno et al., 2016)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

The patient may be asked to shift positions on occasion to allow the doctor to move the colonoscope easily. The colonoscope blows air into the colon as it passes through it. This aids in colon expansion, allowing the doctor to see more clearly. During the procedure, the patient may experience slight cramps. Taking several slow, deep breaths during the operation can help to relieve the mild cramps. The colonoscope is slowly withdrawn after the doctor has finished, and the gut lining is carefully checked. If the doctor discovers some abnormalities during the colonoscopy, small portions of tissue can be taken for biopsy and other analysis. Polyps, or abnormal growths, can also be discovered and removed during the process (Moreno et al., 2016)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

Information Gathered During Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy helps gather more information about the presence or absence of tumors, colon polyps, ulcers, areas of inflammation, or areas with bleeding. Colonoscopy can as well be used as a screening tool in checking for cancer or precancerous growths in the colon or rectum. Generally, colonoscopy is utilized to provide direct visualization of the gastrointestinal tract, and the information gathered is used in the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of gastrointestinal bleeding, colonic polyp, and examination of the intestinal mucosa (Ball et al., 2019)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

Validity and Reliability

Colonoscopy has remained the gold standard for colon cancer detection, despite the emergence of additional screening procedures. According to research, colonoscopies can be as accurate as 94 percent of the time, regardless of whether they are conducted in a hospital or an outpatient facility. Dönmez et al. (2020) found that self-reported screening had a sensitivity of 96.2 percent for the fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 94.9 percent for flexible sigmoidoscopy, 88.7% for colonoscopy, and 96.2 percent for either endoscopic screening test in another study. The FOBT had a specificity of 85.9%, flexible sigmoidoscopy had a specificity of 92.2 percent, colonoscopy had a specificity of 96.8%, and both endoscopic screening tests had a specificity of 92.0 percent. There were no significant variations in the accuracy of the self-reports with regards to family history of colorectal cancer of the participants, ethnicity, age, or gender. Therefore, colon cancer screening behavior can be reliably employed as an endpoint for intervention trials based on self-reports (Dönmez et al., 2020)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper . Also, in another study that developed an instrument to evaluate the quality of screening colonoscopies, results indicated that the instrument is one-dimensional and reliable with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.76.

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Further, the accuracy, validity, and reliability of colonoscopy were determined by the adenoma detection rate (ADR) of the individual physician and the colonic preparation by the patient. Consequently, results from another study where colonoscopy was conducted by novice endoscopists and experienced endoscopists included an adenoma detection rate of 34 vs. 52.2% (P < .001), colonoscopy withdrawal time of 14.8 vs. 8.4 min (P < .001), cecal intubation rate of 93.5 vs. 96%, and Boston Bowel Preparation Scale score of 8.3 vs. 7.36 (P < .001), respectively (Sáenz-Fuenzalida et al., 2021). In addition, findings of a study that compared the live and video-based assessments of colonoscopy performance revealed that video-based assessments of colonoscopy procedures using the GiECAT exhibited stronger evidence of reliability and validity Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

Sensitivity, Reliability, and Predictive Values.

Colonoscopy sensitivity for detecting adenomas 6 mm or bigger ranged from 75% (95 percent CI, 63 percent -84 percent) to 93%. (95 percent CI, 88 percent -96 percent ). The most often reviewed families of fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) revealed good sensitivity (range, 73 percent -88 percent) and specificity (range, 73 percent -88 percent) based on a single stool specimen (range, 90 percent -96 percent ) (Wang et al., 2018). Because colonoscopy testing is quite accurate and colorectal cancer grows slowly, most doctors recommend that adults at average risk have a baseline colonoscopy at the age of 50 and then repeat the scan every 10 years. CTC had 46.6 percent and 50.0 percent positive predictive values for detecting lesions of at least 6 mm and at least 10 mm, respectively, compared to 100 percent for colonoscopy as the criteria standard (Arnold et al., 2017). CTC had a negative predictive value of 87.7%, whereas colonoscopy had a value of 99.8%. Colonoscopy, while still an excellent CRC screening and detection method, has numerous significant drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks stem from the procedure’s mechanics, such as the danger of colonic perforation, hemorrhage, sedation-related side effects, and the failure to detect all colonic polyps (Triantafyllou et al., 2019). The doctor may not be able to see the entire colon and so may not be able to detect or remove all of the polyps. This is due to the fact that the procedure’s precision, reliability, and validity are all directly proportional to the endoscopist’s expertise and experience. Other drawbacks include the fact that it is not always available and that the patient experiences a tremendous lot of discomfort Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

References

Arnold, D., Lueza, B., Douillard, J., Peeters, M., Lenz, H., Venook, A., Heinemann, V., Van Cutsem, E., Pignon, J., Tabernero, J., Cervantes, A., & Ciardiello, F. (2017). Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials. Annals of Oncology, 28(8), 1713-1729. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx175

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). Elsevier. Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper

Doubeni, C. A., Corley, D. A., Quinn, V. P., Jensen, C. D., Zauber, A. G., Goodman, M., Johnson, J. R., Mehta, S. J., Becerra, T. A., Zhao, W. K., Schottinger, J., Doria-Rose, V. P., Levin, T. R., Weiss, N. S., & Fletcher, R. H. (2016). Effectiveness of screening colonoscopy in reducing the risk of death from right and left colon cancer: A large community-based study. Gut, 67(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312712

Dönmez, E., Nahcivan, N. O., & Rawl, S. M. (2020). Validity and reliability of the instruments to measure colorectal cancer screening benefits and barriers—Turkish version. Cancer Nursing, 45(2), E364-E373. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000921

Moreno, C. C., Mittal, P. K., Sullivan, P. S., Rutherford, R., Staley, C. A., Cardona, K., Hawk, N. N., Dixon, W. T., Kitajima, H. D., Kang, J., Small, W. C., Oshinski, J., & Votaw, J. R. (2016). Colorectal cancer initial diagnosis: Screening colonoscopy, diagnostic colonoscopy, or emergent surgery, and tumor stage and size at initial presentation. Clinical Colorectal Cancer, 15(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2015.07.004

Scaffidi, M. A., Grover, S. C., Carnahan, H., Yu, J. J., Yong, E., Nguyen, G. C., Ling, S. C., Khanna, N., & Walsh, C. M. (2018). A prospective comparison of live and video-based assessments of colonoscopy performance. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 87(3), 766-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2017.08.020

Sáenz-Fuenzalida, R., Riquelme-Pérez, A., Díaz-Piga, L., García-Rocha, X., Fuentes-López, E., Arnold-Álvarez, J., Caro, L., Tchekmedyian, A., Orellana-Narváez, I., & Jover-Martínez, R. (2021). The challenge of quantifying screening colonoscopy quality: Development and psychometric properties of the colonoscopy quality score instrument. Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmxen.2021.11.005 Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper

Triantafyllou, K., Gkolfakis, P., Tziatzios, G., Papanikolaou, I. S., Fuccio, L., & Hassan, C. (2019). Effect of Endocuff use on colonoscopy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(9), 1158-1170. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i9.1158

Wang, P., Xiao, X., Glissen Brown, J. R., Berzin, T. M., Tu, M., Xiong, F., Hu, X., Liu, P., Song, Y., Zhang, D., Yang, X., Li, L., He, J., Yi, X., Liu, J., & Liu, X. (2018). Development and validation of a deep-learning algorithm for the detection of polyps during colonoscopy. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2(10), 741-748. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-018-0301-3

When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.
For this Assignment, you will consider the validity and reliability of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.

To Prepare

Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .
Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.

*For this Assignment, you are assigned to either assignment option 1 or option 2. Please see the student assignment list below with your assigned Option number and diagnostic test.

*Assignment: Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper

*Write (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):

*Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests: Colonoscopy to be completed by Group C

*Diagnostic Tests assigned to Groups C: Colonoscopy

*Colonoscopy to be completed by Group C

*Include the following in your Assignment:

1. A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned which is (Colonoscopy ) is used in healthcare.
2. What is its purpose?
3. How is it conducted?
4. What information does it gather?
5. Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

***This is a formal paper. Please use scholarly references only for this paper (you can review this information in your course syllabus). A source such as Mayo Clinic is not scholarly and should not be used. You will lose points if inappropriate references are used. Please remember the Code of Conduct as you complete your work. This policy will be enforced throughout the course. ***

Resources:
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Chapter 3, “Examination Techniques and Equipment”
This chapter explains the physical examination techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. This chapter also explores special issues and equipment relevant to the physical exam process.

Chapter 8, “Growth and Nutrition”
In this chapter, the authors explain examinations for growth, gestational age, and pubertal development. The authors also differentiate growth among the organ systems.

Chapter 5, “Recording Information” (Previously read in Week 1)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper
This chapter provides rationale and methods for maintaining clear and accurate records. The text also explores the legal aspects of patient records.

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Student checklist: Health history guide. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, April 9). Childhood overweight & obesity. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/

This website provides information about overweight and obese children. Additionally, the website provides basic facts about obesity and strategies to counteracting obesity.

Chaudhry, M. A. I., & Nisar, A. (2017). Escalating health care cost due to unnecessary diagnostic testing. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, (3), 569.

This study explores the escalating healthcare cost due the unnecessary use of diagnostic testing. Consider the impact of health insurance coverage in each state and how nursing professionals must be cognizant when ordering diagnostics for different individuals.

Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2019). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Credit Line: Advanced Health Assessment and Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care, 6th Edition by Dains, J.E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. Copyright 2019 by Mosby. Reprinted by permission of Mosby via the Copyright Clearance Center Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper .

Chapter 1, “Clinical Reasoning, Evidence-Based Practice, and Symptom Analysis”

This chapter introduces the diagnostic process, which includes performing an analysis of the symptoms and then formulating and testing a hypothesis. The authors discuss how becoming an expert clinician takes time and practice in developing clinical judgment.

Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015) Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research . Evidence Based Nursing, 18(2), pp. 34–35.

Nyante, S. J., Benefield, T. S., Kuzmiak, C. M., Earnhardt, K., Pritchard, M., & Henderson, L. M. (2021). Population‐level impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on breast cancer screening and diagnostic procedures. Cancer, 127(12), 2111–2121. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33460

Seidel, H. M., Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2011). History subjective data checklist. In Mosby’s guide to physical examination (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Credit Line: Mosby’s Guide to Physical Examination, 7th Edition by Seidel, H. M., Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2011 by Elsevier. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier via the Copyright Clearance Center.

This History Subjective Data Checklist was published as a companion to Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination (8th ed.) by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., & Flynn, J.A. Copyright Elsevier (2015). From https://evolve.elsevier.com

Sullivan, D. D. (2019). Guide to clinical documentation (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.

Chapter 2, “The Comprehensive History and Physical Exam” (Previously read in Week 1)
Chapter 5, “Pediatric Preventative Care Visits” (pp. 91 101)

Rubric: Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper

Rubric Detail:

Name: NURS_6512_Week_3_Assignment_1_Rubric_Option_1

Excellent Good Fair Poor
In 3–4 pages, address the following:

A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
o What is its purpose?
o How is it conducted?
o What information does it gather?
30 (30%) – 35 (35%)
The response clearly, accurately, and with specific detail describes how the assessment tool or diagnostic test assigned is used in healthcare, including its purpose, how it is conducted, and what information it gathers.
24 (24%) – 29 (29%)
The response accurately describes how the assessment tool or diagnostic test assigned is used in healthcare, including its purpose, how it is conducted, and what information it gathers.
18 (18%) – 23 (23%)
The response vaguely and/or with some inaccuracy describes how the assessment tool or diagnostic test assigned is used in healthcare, including its purpose, how it is conducted, and what information it gathers.
0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response is inaccurate or missing descriptions of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test assigned is used in healthcare, including its purpose, how it is conducted, and what information it gathers.
Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values.
45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
The response accurately and thoroughly evaluates the test or tool’s validity and reliability, and explains any issues with clear sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Student’s research is clear, accurate, and appropriate for the evaluation.
39 (39%) – 44 (44%)
The response accurately evaluates the test or tool’s validity and reliability, and explains any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Student’s research is somewhat clear, accurate,and appropriate for the evaluation.
33 (33%) – 38 (38%)
The response vaguely and/or with some inaccuracy evaluates the test or tool’s validity and reliability, and explains any issues with some sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Student’s research is vague or inaccurate for the evaluation.
0 (0%) – 32 (32%)
“The response is inaccurate and/or missing evaluations of the test or tool’s validity and reliability, with explanations of any issues missing or lacking sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Student’s research is missing, inaccurate, or lacking for the evaluation.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria.

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4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
Total Points: 100 Case Study For Colonoscopy Assignment Paper