ASD and PTSD Assignment Paper Discussion

Your Stress-Defining Moment: Life stressors as common as work pressure or as obscure as being zapped with electricity while running in a maze, all activate the stress response. With such varying sources from which stressors emerge, stress is a holistic phenomenon with emotional, biological, cognitive, and coping aspects.

Research into the stress response touches a variety of scientific disciplines. Theorists from the fields of physiology, endocrinology, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology have made major contributions to understanding the biological response evoked by stress. Their theories that describe stress all tie together, building on each other’s constructs to better explain stressors, stress, and the stress response. The first paradigm by physiologist Walter Cannon and endocrinologist Hans Selye considered stress a stimulus. ASD and PTSD Assignment Paper Discussion .Stress happened to the individual. However, stressors can be internally generated with worry or fear. Revealing the impact of stress as detrimental to physical well-being, the Life Stressor Assessment developed by psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe identifies stressful life events that may predict stress reactions. Also, recent work by sociologist Aaron Antonovsky and psychologist Richard Lazarus describes stress more as a process. In viewing the “Stress Response” handout, notice that there are continuous interactions between the person and the environment, influencing the impact of the stressor through cognitive, emotional, and behavioral pathways. Traditionally, stress has been viewed as an adaptive function with a set of physiological responses to a stressor. Present thinking supports a more holistic understanding. As a result, perspectives have changed to include cognitive, environmental, and social elements in a more holistic understanding of the stress response.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

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Your Stress-Defining Moment

For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources, including the “Defining the Stress Response Across Multiple Scientific Disciplines” handout. Then take the Holmes and Rahe stress assessment. Finally, consider any insights you had or conclusions you drew after completing the Holmes and Rahe self-evaluation.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Discussion 2: To Flee or Not to Flee and Other Stress Response Techniques

Stressors are a normal part of life. From an evolutionary perspective, adaptation to changes in the environment is required for survival. In a situation where there is a perception of stress, organisms—whether they are people, dogs, rodents or flies—are physiologically prepared to attack or flee from a threat. Those with effective fight or flight responses tend to survive long enough to reproduce, so every organism is descended from those who are genetically hardwired for self protection. When you experience stress, your biology, emotions, social support, motivation, environment, attitude, immune function, and state of wellness all feel the ripple effect. ASD and PTSD Assignment Paper Discussion

Imagine the fatal outcomes that might occur if the mind and body did not adapt to life’s stressors. For your cave-dwelling ancestors the result would be a very short life with little chance of passing on their genes to future generations.

Recall the encounter with the saber-toothed tiger discussed in the introduction to this course. Once the brain determines a threat exists per the cognitive appraisal process, the fight or flight response begins. In stress mode, your body goes under a variety of changes including but not limited to:stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Accelerated heart rate

The release of cortisol and other stress hormones

Increased blood pressure

Increased release of adrenaline

When the fight or flight response is initiated numerous times a day, it results in a depletion of energy, resources, and maintenance abilities. While life preserving, the biological and physical stress responses are meant to be short-term. In addition, long-term stress may have an impact on your immune system. This is another one of the many different ways health can deteriorate. There are multiple techniques and behavioral interventions that might be used as part of an overall stress management strategy to reduce stress.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources, including “The Body’s Micro-Response to Stress” handout. Consider the stress response to ongoing everyday stressors as presented in the Learning Resources. Imagine what might be necessary to reduce the response for these non-life threatening, long-term experiences.

Types of Stress and Coping- Psychology Discussion

Week 2 Discussion 1

Types of Stress and Coping: Not all stress is bad stress. In fact, a little bit of short-term stress keeps you motivated. Acute stressors such as public speaking, taking an exam, or parachuting from a perfectly good airplane usually cause an immediate and intense stress response. Occasional acute stress actually has a positive effect on immune function. A single episode of acute stress doesn’t usually cause a problem for the healthy adult.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Consider the chronic stress of being a family caregiver to an Alzheimer’s patient. Betty has been caring for Fred since he was diagnosed. She is not sleeping well because more than once she has awakened during the night to find that Fred has turned on the stove. Also, finances are tight because of the cost of care and resources Fred needs. Fred is increasingly more angry and confused. This chronic, relentless stress has cumulative effects on Betty’s immune function. Her ability to cope is stretched, and her own health issues, seemingly minor compared to Fred’s, are ignored. There are few opportunities for Betty to rest and return to a calm baseline. As a result, she becomes ill.

Distant stress, another type of stress that stems from previous trauma, can be unrelenting and influence immune function for years. For example, the long years of posttraumatic stress disorder’s (PTSD) wearing effects on the immune system does cumulative damage to health.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Types of Stress and Coping

For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources. Review the concepts of acute, chronic, and distant stress. Also, re-examine the “Pathways of Stress” graphic from Week 1. Then consider the characteristic and physiological differences of these three types of stress, how each impacts the immune system, and the populations most at risk or least susceptible to these types of stress and why. Finally, reflect on how stress management approaches might be different for specific examples of acute, chronic, and distant stress.

DQ2 Discussion 2: How Do You Cope?

While on vacation at the beach, you might see the swelling waves as an excellent opportunity to test out your new surfing skills. However, your traveling mate might take those same aggressive waves as a cue to head for shore. Not everyone interprets a given stressor in the same way; nor will their responses always mirror each other when encountering the same stressor. There is plenty to learn about stress and coping from analyzing the way individuals manage stress. In fact, there are a number of assessments psychologists use to determine individuals’ coping styles, how they cope, and the frequency of their coping behaviors.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

While theorists place a great deal of emphasis on the types of coping, coping traits should not be viewed as exclusively adaptive or maladaptive. Not all coping traits fit into problem-solving or emotion-focused coping as Lazarus and Folkman discuss. Generally, positive/functional coping mechanisms (e.g., planning) are linked to good self-esteem, higher functioning, and lower perceived stress. While less positive strategies (e.g., denial, self-blame) are associated with more distress and lower esteem.

How you manage stress in your life can modify the stress response and subsequent health consequences. Recall the Primary Appraisal and Coping chart from last week. Imagine your disruptive and argumentative mother-in-law has announced that she is coming for a two-week visit. Once you appraise the stress potential of this situation, how would you respond to the scenario: ASD and PTSD Assignment Paper Discussion

You could solve the problem by calling her and asking her not to come.

You can change how you feel about her coming by deciding to focus on the positive aspects of her visit.

You could manage this stress by changing the physical response to it with the use of relaxation techniques.

You plan a business trip for the same two-week time frame your mother-in-law plans to visit.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

These approaches to managing a stressor are termed problem-focused, emotion-focused, biology-focused, and avoidance approaches. While the mother-in-law example tends to fit the concept of stress globally, it in no way implies that a visit from your mother-in-law would be stressful.

For the Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources including “The Focus of Coping” handout and “The Assessment of Coping”handout. Take the COPE assessment. After completing the COPE assessment, consider the different ways in which you cope with stress.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Stress, Illness, and Specific Populations (Pregnant Women)

Week 3 Discussion

Stress, Illness, and Specific Populations (Pregnant Women): Do any of the following phrases sound familiar: “It’s nothing to worry yourself sick over,” “I was sick with worry,” or “Don’t stress yourself out”?

These are not just warnings or expressions about too much negative mental activity. What does it mean to worry to the point of sickness? What does it look like to stress yourself out? For you, it could be a bout with insomnia. For someone else, too much worry could result in an upset stomach. Yet for another, excessive stress for a long period of time could contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

The type of illness that results from too much stress depends on a variety of factors. Your age, gender, ethnic heritage, culture, and even geographical location all influence your response to developing stress-related illnesses. Some populations are more vulnerable to the effects of stress, just as some populations are more susceptible to certain diseases. Population-based health care focuses on assessing health needs, planning culturally sensitive prevention and intervention programs, and improving public health.

Stress, Illness, and Specific Populations (Pregnant Women)

In this context, populations are groups of people defined by a common condition that perhaps need focused health education, prevention programs, or treatment. The following are some examples of populations:

Pregnant women

Military personnel returning from war

Those with low socioeconomic status

Those experiencing discrimination

Refugees

Those with asthma

The elderly

Those experiencing significant loss

Illegal immigrants

Those with cardiovascular disease

Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse

Victims of crime

Those with serious mental illness

Whether it is poverty, grief, or discrimination, the variety of stressors that members of these populations might encounter does not vanish overnight. As a result, the persistence of stress can contribute to long-lasting illness or chronic disease, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and arthritis. Seventy percent of all deaths in the United States are due to chronic disease. Fifty percent of Americans have at least one chronic disease. Chronic diseases are the most common and expensive diseases facing the world and since most chronic diseases have modifiable risk factors, most are preventable. The most common modifiable risks are poor diet, lack of exercise, and tobacco, alcohol, or drug use.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources including the Stress and Immune-Related Disease” section of the “ Stress, the Immune System, Chronic Illness, and Your Body” handout. Select an illness to use for this Discussion. Think about a population that is more susceptible to this illness and a population that is less susceptible to this illness.

Week 4 Discussion: Stress and Depression

different ways stress, the stress response, and depression are connected: When doctors diagnose a patient’s mysterious pains, sudden sleep difficulties, changes in eating habits, inexplicable migraines or excessive fatigue as psychosomatic, it is easy to apply the layman’s translation of “It’s all in your head.” However, when it comes to these responses to stress, what may be “all in your head” might have a direct impact on what is going on in your body.

With such symptoms as those just described, it is clear that stress, immune function, and depression are linked. For example, those suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder report high levels of depression. Additionally, while you will not find a doctor ordering extensive lab tests to diagnose depression, high levels of cortisol and other stress hormones are found in the blood of the depressed. Also, survivors of early life stress, such as childhood abuse, experience changes in the neurobiology of the brain, making them more vulnerable to depression later in life. Even acute life stressors are known to provoke depression, especially in an environment of poor social support and frequent life crisis. Finally, chronic stress results in lowered immune function and increased incidence of depression. Not only do the relationships between the brain, stress, immune function, and depression exist, but they are bidirectional and complex.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources as well as the “Stress, Depression, and the Immune Response” section of the “Stress, the Immune System, Chronic Illness, and Your Body” handout. Then reflect on the different ways stress, the stress response, and depression are connected. Finally, consider what part depression plays in the immune and inflammatory response systems.

Week 5 Discussion: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Intervention

the similarities and differences between ASD and PTSD: Imagine the survivors of a home invasion. Feelings of terror and helplessness that shake the very foundation of personal security are the result when strangers enter the home with the intent and will to do harm. Some survivors may resolve these immediate feelings of helplessness by acquiring a handgun, pepper spray, or watchdogs, or by taking self-defense courses. During, or for a short time immediately following the invasion, some people may experience the onset of acute stress disorder (ASD) exhibited in racing hearts, bouts of insomnia, and feelings of panic at the sound of footsteps approaching the front door. Others may be so traumatized that they never look at their home in the same way or feel as safe no matter how many locks are on the doors or how state-of-the-art their alarm system may be. When the latter individuals experience a delayed onset of physiological response to trauma that is persistent over the long term, their condition is described as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This tragic scenario is just one example of a traumatic event that could lead to severe but short-lived stress or a prolonged stress response that disrupts the lives of the survivors long after the event is over.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

The similarities and differences between ASD and PTSD Rubric:

For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources including the “Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” handout. Reflect on the similarities and differences between ASD and PTSD. Then consider that you have been asked to prepare a pre-deployment PTSD prevention workshop for military health service workers. Consider intervention techniques you might recommend to prevent the development of PTSD in this population.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Reflection on atypical presentations of disorders in geriatric patients

Week 7 Assignment 2: Assignment: Practicum – Week 5 Journal Entry

Reflection on atypical presentations of disorders in geriatric patients: Reflect on atypical presentations of disorders in geriatric patients in your practicum setting. Many disorders manifest themselves in a way that would be considered an atypical presentation—most likely different from the way a textbook would describe the disorder’s possible presentations. Consider geriatric patients that you have observed with atypical presentations of disorders. Describe a patient case including how the patient was diagnosed and strategies that were used to overcome the atypical presentation. If you did not have an opportunity to evaluate a patient with this background during the last 5 weeks, you can select a related case study or reflect on previous clinical experiences.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

By Day 7 of Week 7

This Assignment is due. You will submit this Week 5 Journal Entry along with the Week 6 and the Week 7 SOAP Note by Day 7 of Week 7.

Assignment 2: Practicum – Week 6 Journal Entry

Reflect on geriatric patients from your practicum site that you may have assessed for dementia, delirium, or depression. Explain the impact of these types of disorders on frail elders. Then, describe a patient case including the care plan for assessment, diagnoses, treatment, management, and patient education. Explain whether the patient’s care plan was effective. Include how you might proceed differently in the future. If you did not have an opportunity to evaluate a patient with this background during the last 6 weeks, you can select a related case study or reflect on previous clinical experiences.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

By Day 7 of Week 7

This Assignment is due. You will submit this Week 6 Journal Entry along with the Week 5 Journal Entry and the Week 7 SOAP Note by Day 7 of Week 7.

Week 7 Assignment 1: Assignment: Practicum – Week 7 SOAP Note

Select a geriatric patient that you examined during the last 4 weeks. The patient you select should be currently taking at least five prescription and/or over-the-counter drugs. With this patient in mind, address the following in a SOAP Note:

Subjective: What was the patient’s subjective complaint? What details did the patient provide regarding his or her personal and medical history? Include a list of prescription and over-the-counter drugs the patient is currently taking. Compare this list to the Beers Criteria and consider alternative drugs if appropriate.

Objective: What observations did you make during the physical assessment? What functional assessments were used?stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Assessment: What were your differential diagnoses? Provide a minimum of three possible diagnoses. List them from top priority to least priority.

Plan: What was your plan for diagnostics and primary diagnosis? What was your plan for treatment and management including alternative therapies? What is your care plan for the patient? How would you offer caregiver support?

Reflection notes: What would you do differently in a similar patient evaluation? How might you improve your assessment, diagnosis, and/or plan through interprofessional collaboration?

Refer to the Week 3 Learning Resources for guidance on writing SOAP Notes.

By Day 7 of Week 7

This Assignment is due. You will submit this Week 7 SOAP Note along with your Journal Entries (from Weeks 5 and 6) by Day 7 of Week 7 (this week).

Note: Be sure to submit your Assignment to the appropriate submission link below.

Submissions should match the following:

Week 7 SOAP Note: Submit to the Week 7 Assignment – Part 1 submission link.

Weeks 5 and 6 Journal Entry: Submit to the Week 7 Assignment – Part 2 submission link.

For the Journal Entries—which are assessed with a Satisfactory (S) or Unsatisfactory (U) score—the numerical grade will show as 0 points and the “S” or “U” will be posted in the Feedback area by your Instructor. These scores of 0 points do not affect your grade; they simply allow for a placeholder to place the “S” or “U” scoring. This concept also applies to Weeks 4 and 10.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

Please save your Assignment using the following naming convention: WK7AssgnPX+lastname+first initial.

Click the Assignment Week 7 – Part X link.

Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK7AssgnPX+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open. If you are submitting multiple files, repeat until all files are attached.

Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

Week 6 Assignment 1: Assignment 1: Application – PICO Analysis of Dementia, Delirium, and Depression

A PICO analysis is used to pose a focused clinical question to which you find appropriate evidence-based answers. The PICO question should include the patient or population (P), anticipated intervention (I), comparison group or current standard (C), and outcome desired (O). In this Assignment, you develop a question related to dementia, delirium, or depression. Through your PICO analysis, you explore various resources and examine current evidence to answer the question you develop.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

To prepare for Application – PICO Analysis of Dementia, Delirium, and Depression:

Select one of the following disorders as your topic: dementia, delirium, or depression.

Review the guidelines in the “Literature Review Matrix” document in this week’s Learning Resources.

Think about a research question around your issue as indicated in Part I: PICO Analysis of Research Topic.

Consider the resources you will use, search terms and criteria, and Boolean search strings as indicated in Part II: Search Strategy.

Using the Walden Library and other appropriate databases, locate five articles related to your PICO question. At least one article must be a systematic review. All of the articles should be primary sources.

Reflect on the five articles you selected as indicated in Part III: Analysis of Literature. Consider the conceptual framework/theory, main finding, research method, strengths of study, weaknesses, and level of evidence for each article.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Consider how to use the summaries in Part III to create an evidence table. Use this evidence table to determine appropriate treatment options for patients who present with the disorder you selected as your topic.

To complete:

Formulate a question around the disorder you selected as indicated in Part I: PICO Analysis of Research Topic.

Identify the resources you will use, search terms and criteria, and Boolean search strings as indicated in Part II: Search Strategy.

Summarize the five articles you selected as indicated in Part III: Analysis of Literature. Describe the conceptual framework/theory, main finding, research method, strengths of study, weaknesses, and level of evidence for each article.stress, depression and coping, ASD and PTSD Specifc populations essay assignment paper discussion

Create an evidence table based on the article summaries in Part III. Describe appropriate treatment options for patients based on this evidence table.

By Day 7 of Week 6

This Assignment is due.

Submission and Grading Information

To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

Please save your Assignment using the following naming convention: “WK6Assgn1+lastname+first initial”.

Click the Week 6 Assignment 1 link.

Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK6Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open. If you are submitting multiple files, repeat until all files are attached.

Click on the Submit button to complete your submission ASD and PTSD Assignment Paper Discussion