Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal

Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal

Hello! This is a part of a group of 4 students paper looking at decreasing mortality from pancreatic cancer. My part is early screening and detection of diabetes. I would like to be able to send back my paper to be edited after the criticism from my professor and peers. Of course, for a fee for additional work. At some point I might need to sent the other 3 parts so you can put it together. I hope this project could work for us. Also, the professors wants a Matrix to be incorporated in the paper. I can add more directions later as I gather what exactly that is. Thank you so much! Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal

The Global and National Prevalence of Diabetes

Global Diabetes Statistics

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased dramatically worldwide. According to Liu et al. (2020), DM is one of the most common chronic illnesses and a severe public health problem. Al-Lawati et al. (2017) further described DM as a global public health concern following a substantial increase in DM cases and related health complications. By 2017, approximately 415 million people worldwide had been affected by diabetes. This number was anticipated to increase to 642 million individuals worldwide by 2040 (Al-Lawati et al., 2017). Additionally, about 193 million diabetes cases were undiagnosed due to the absence of symptomatic, particularly in type 2 DM (T2DM) (Al-Lawati et al., 2017). Liu et al. (2020) also reported a significant increase in diabetes mellitus cases worldwide by 102.9% between 1990 and 2017. Approximately 11,303,084 and 22,935,630 diabetes cases were reported globally in 1990 and 2017, respectively (Liu et al., 2020). Khan et al. (2020) further reported that about 462 million individuals worldwide were affected by type 2 diabetes, representing approximately 6.28% of the world’s total population. About 4.4% of this population consists of individuals between 15 and 49 years, while 15% and 22% of those between 50–69 and above 70 years, respectively (Khan et al., 2020)Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal. The prevalence rate of diabetes during this period was 6059 cases per 100,000 individuals.

Studies indicated that diabetes prevalence was secondly high in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region, including all Arab states (Al-Lawati et al., 2017). A study by Al-Lawati et al. (2017) reported that age-adjusted diabetes in these regions was 10.7% by 2017. During this period, the Caribbean and North American areas reported the highest age-adjusted diabetes rate of about 11.5% (Al-Lawati et al., 2017). This trend was anticipated to continue over the coming decades due to an increase in significant risk factors, including sedentary lifestyle and nutrition habits (Al-Lawati et al., 2017). If not appropriately managed, persistently high blood glucose levels increase the risk of life-threatening complications, hypertension, dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, diabetic nephropathy, pancreatic cancer, and cardiovascular complications, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, and coronary artery. Also, improper blood glucose control among people with diabetes is associated with a high diabetes mortality rate. According to Raghavan et al. (2019), cardiovascular disease (CVD) is 2 to 4 times higher among people with diabetes than those without this chronic illness, and diabetes is associated with the deaths of 80% of individuals diagnosed with this disorder. Lastly, Khan et al. (2020) reported that more than 1 million diabetes-related deaths are reported annually worldwide, becoming the ninth leading cause of death globally. Therefore, early screening and detection of diabetes is essential to reduce the risk of potential complications, including pancreatic cancer.

United States Diabetes Statistics

            The rate of diagnosed and undiagnosed DM in the United States has increased significantly, resulting in epidemic levels. Similar trends are reported in risk factors for DM, diabetes-related health complications, morbidity and mortality rates, and overall cost for diabetes management. According to National Diabetes Statistics Report (2020), age-adjusted estimates of DM have been increasing in the U.S since the 2000 national census. Although type 1 and type 2 diabetes are not differentiated in diabetes reports, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents approximately 90% – 95% of total diabetes cases, becoming the most prevalent form of DM in the United States (National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020). 1n 2018, approximately 34.2 million Americans of all ages were diagnosed with diabetes. This number represents about 0.5% of the US population (National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020)Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal. Additionally, approximately 34.1 million Americans aged 18 years and above had diabetes. This population represented around 13.0% of US adults (National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020). Further, approximately 7.3 million adults aged 18 years and above had undiagnosed diabetes, representing 2.8% of the total U.S population (National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020). Despite meeting laboratory requirements for diabetes, these people were unaware or had not reported being diabetic. In another study, Liu et al. (2020) reported an annual increase in diabetes cases among youths. Diabetes proportion of diabetes among U.S. youths increased from 9.0 per 100,000 persons to 12.5 cases per 100,000 persons in 2002–2003 and 2011–2012, respectively.

Factors Contributing to high Diabetes Rates and Geographical Disparities in DM Prevalence

Diabetes cases are increasing in the U.S and worldwide annually. According to Raghavan et al. (2019), approximately 7 million individuals are diagnosed with diabetes annually. Significant increases in DM, especially T2DM, have been reported in populations characterized by substantial lifestyle changes, including taking a diet rich in calories and low in fiber and increasing a sedentary lifestyle. For this reason, diabetes mellitus is rising more rapidly in developed regions, including Western Europe, than in developing nations (Khan et al., 2020). Additionally, the faster increase in DM cases is associated with a dramatic rise in risk factors related to diabetes mellitus, including overweight and obesity. Liu et al. (2020) reported an increase in overweight and obesity globally. According to Liu et al. (2020), being obese or overweight is the most substantial risk factor for developing T2DM. Therefore, overweight and obesity are attributed to increasing diabetes mellitus prevalence in various populations, including children, teenagers, and youths. However, no gender difference was reported in DM distribution. Khan et al. (2020) reported equal DM incidence in both genders, stating 55 years as the peak age for diabetes. Additionally, Liu et al. (2020) indicated that diabetes mellitus cases increased in both males and females between 1990 and 2017. This trend is associated with an equal impact of risk factors of diabetes on all individuals irrespective of one’s sex.

The Connection between Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer

Diabetes mellitus results in several health complications, including strokes, neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, kidney failure, and pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer is associated with several risk factors, including smoking, genes, obesity, and diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the third most significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer after obesity and cigarette smoking. Diabetes raises the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, particularly among individuals who have been struggling with diabetes for several years. According to Pan et al. (2018), the risk of new-onset pancreatic cancer is relatively high in adults with diabetes type 2 Mellitus. Additionally, developing T2DM later in adulthood can be an early sign of pancreatic cancer. Cancer occurs due to abnormally high insulin levels among people with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, a high concentration of blood sugar levels triggers the growth of cancer cells. Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal

Early Screening and Detection of Diabetes

Early screening and detection of diabetes is the most appropriate intervention for reducing the high incidence of T2DM. Timm et al. (2020) state that undiagnosed diabetes represents approximately 50% of the total diabetes cases worldwide. Hence, most individuals are unaware of their diabetes risk, increasing the likelihood of a further rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Early screening and detection reach prediabetes individuals before clinical manifestations of diabetes appear. For this reason, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) offers guidelines for screening for T2D and prediabetes among individuals and populations at a high risk of developing T2DM, including people with a family history of diabetes, those struggling with overweight and obesity, and geriatric population above 65 years. Galicia-Garcia et al. (2020) stated that T2DM is age-adjusted; hence it is the most common metabolic syndrome among the elderly population aged 65 years and above.

Different tools are used to screen for diabetes mellitus symptoms among individuals at a high risk of developing T2D. For instance, diabetes risk scores such as FINDRISC are used to screen for risk of diabetes. Additionally, the healthcare professional team uses blood glucose measurements, including glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and fasting glucose, to evaluate the risk of diabetes type 2 in individuals. These tests also confirm biochemical confirmation in prediabetes and people diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetes screening involves two major approaches, including community-based screening and facility-based screening (Timm et al., 2020)Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal. These interventions enable the healthcare profession to reach diverse populations with a relatively high risk for T2DM.

The Role of Early Screening and Detection of Diabetes in Preventing Pancreatic Cancer Mortality Rate

            Pancreatic cancer cases and related mortality have increased dramatically worldwide. Forouhi et al. (2018) reported that pancreatic cancer is the seventh major cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The prevalence of pancreatic cancer mortality is relatively higher in developed countries. This trend is associated with a high rate of risk factors for pancreatic cancer, particular diabetes type 2 Mellitus, due to sedentary lifestyles and diets rich in calories. According to Sami et al. (2017), the high prevalence of T2DM in developed countries is attributed to a dramatic shift in lifestyle, including high caloric diets and limited physical activities. This lifestyle results in energy imbalance, increasing the risk of metabolic disorders.

Therefore, early screening and detection are needed to reduce the risk of T2DM in this population. Early diabetes screening detects individuals who are undiagnosed with diabetes, creating awareness of diabetes risk and high glucose levels at an early stage of the disease increases the likelihood of reversing these symptoms through medication and lifestyle adjustment. According to Forouhi et al. (2018), lifestyle modifications, including increasing physical activities and taking a diet with low calories and rich in fiber, results in glycemic control among adults with T2DM. Achieving control of the blood sugar level then potentially reverses type 2 DM, which reduces the risk of T2DM-related health complications, including pancreatic cancer cases and mortality rate Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal.

References

Al-Lawati, J. A. (2017). Diabetes mellitus: a local and global public health emergency! Oman medical journal, 32(3), 177. DOI:10.5001/omj.2017.34.

Forouhi, N. G., Misra, A., Mohan, V., Taylor, R., & Yancy, W. (2018). Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. BMJ, 361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2234 Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal

Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., … & Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6275. Doi: 10.3390/ijms21176275.

Khan, M. A. B., Hashim, M. J., King, J. K., Govender, R. D., Mustafa, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2020). Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes–global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 10(1), 107. Doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001.

Liu, J., Ren, Z. H., Qiang, H., Wu, J., Shen, M., Zhang, L., & Lyu, J. (2020). Trends in the incidence of diabetes mellitus: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 and implications for diabetes mellitus prevention. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-12. DOI:10.21203/rs.2.16014/v2.

Liu, J., Ren, Z. H., Qiang, H., Wu, J., Shen, M., Zhang, L., & Lyu, J. (2020). Trends in the incidence of diabetes mellitus: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 and implications for diabetes mellitus prevention. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-12.

National Diabetes Statistics Report. (2020). Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf

Pan, X. F., He, M., Yu, C., Lv, J., Guo, Y., Bian, Z., … & China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group. (2018). Type 2 diabetes and risk of incident cancer in china: a prospective study among 0.5 million Chinese adults. American journal of epidemiology, 187(7), 1380-1391. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx376

Raghavan, S., Vassy, J. L., Ho, Y. L., Song, R. J., Gagnon, D. R., Cho, K., … & Phillips, L. S. (2019). Diabetes mellitus–related all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in a national cohort of adults. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(4), e011295. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011295 Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal.

Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N. S., & Ab Hamid, M. R. (2017). Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International journal of health sciences, 11(2), 65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5426415/

Timm, L., Harcke, K., Karlsson, I., Sidney Annerstedt, K., Alvesson, H. M., Stattin, N. S., … & Daivadanam, M. (2020). Early detection of type 2 diabetes in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas in Stockholm–comparing the reach of community and facility-based screening. Global Health Action, 13(1), 1795439. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.179543 Decreasing Mortality From Pancreatic Cancer Research Proposal