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The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment

The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
How these processes interact to affect the patient The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment.

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See attachment for case study

The onset of Parkinson’s disease motor signs is mainly asymmetric, which involves asymmetric upper extremity resting tremors. After a while, patients notice symptoms like gait difficulties, rigidity, and bradykinesia. As a result, the arm first affected by Parkinson’s disease fails to swing when walking with the foot from the hands’ side scrapping the floor. Consequently, the patient’s axial posture is more flexed while the strides become short. The case study patient expresses these symptoms as his son ascertains that the father has lately become stiff and experiences tremors in his arms and leg, considering his gait is also uneven.

Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiologic Processes

Parkinson’s disease resembles a complex neurodegenerative disease due to its progression status. Physiologically Parkinson’s disease symptoms arise due to the loss of various neurotransmitters, especially dopamine. These symptoms worsen as the cells continue being affected by the disease. The symptoms vary with each individual, with some having extreme symptoms while others exhibit a reduced number of symptoms. Therefore, the patient accounts that exhibiting symptoms like extreme flushing and sweating without engaging in any activity can be linked with reduced dopamine levels. Shamsi et al. (2022) state that dopamine levels influence sweating due to factors like plasma levodopa declination, which manifests in motor fluctuations. Evidence shows that Parkinson’s disease first affects the olfactory nucleus and bulbs and the vagus nerve’s dorsal motor nucleus before proceeding to the locus coeruleus and later to the substantia nigra, thus accounting for the patient experiences of stiffness, cogwheeling movements, and uneven gait (Tueth & Duncan, 2021)The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment. Such multi-faceted pathophysiologic processes do not only affect the patient motor system since it also impacts neuropsychological and cognitive systems, as expressed by the patient’s immobile face.

Racial/Ethnic Variables That May Impact Physiological Functioning

Most studies associate African-Americans with an increased rate of being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease compared to Latinos and Whites. A study by Bailey et al. (2020) accentuates that Parkinson’s disease in African-American patients is associated with various factors, including geographical variations and access to health care. For instance, the study realized that most African-Americans and Latinos live in different geographical areas in the United States, thus presenting them with a risk of having untreated Parkinson’s disease due to healthcare inaccessibility (Nwabuobi et al., 2021. Also, age is another factor contributing to an increase in Parkinson’s Disease among most races in the US, especially men.

How Do These Processes Interact to Affect The Patient

The patient’s race is not identified, thus making it hard to determine if the Parkinson’s disease is associated with his race. As a result, there is a high possibility that the neurological and musculoskeletal processes have a higher chance of presenting the patient’s prevailing conditions. Also, geographical location may have influenced his late realization that he has Parkison’s disease. That is because if the patient lived in an urban area, the disease would not have accelerated at the time of diagnosis since most patients can easily access healthcare and intervene before the disease advances to adverse effects. Also, lack of disease awareness is another possibility that may have influenced the patient seeking healthcare intervention late since most ethnicities, especially African-Americans, are censored on Parkinson’s disease (Subramania et al.,2018)The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment. That is evidenced by the patient’s postural instability, which affects the patients during the Parkinson’s disease late stages. To an extent, his age may impact how he judges his health, which proves why the patient son was part of the diagnosis procedure. Hence, it will be important also to include the son in patient education to ensure that he follows his medication to improve the patient’s overall outcome.

References

Bailey, M., Anderson, S., & Hall, D. A. (2020). Parkinson’s disease in African Americans: A review of the current literature. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, 10(3), 831-841. DOI: 10.3233/JPD-191823

Nwabuobi, L., Agee, J., & Gilbert, R. (2021). Racial and Social Disparities in Health and Health Care Delivery among Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders in a Multiracial Clinical Setting. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 36(3), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-021-09436-w The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment

Subramanian, I., Hinkle, J. T., Chaudhuri, K. R., Mari, Z., Fernandez, H. H., & Pontone, G. M. (2021). Mind the gap: Inequalities in mental health care and lack of social support in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 93, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.11.015

Shamsi, F., Nami, M., Aligholi, H., Borhani-Haghighi, A., Kavyani, M., & Karimi, M. T. (2022). The effect of action observation training on gait and balance of patients with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 03080226221098943. https://doi.org/10.1177/03080226221098943

Tueth, L. E., & Duncan, R. P. (2021). Musculoskeletal pain in Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review. Neurodegenerative disease management, 11(5), 373-385. https://doi.org/10.2217/nmt-2021-0011

An understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critically important component of disease and disorder diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the impact that that these two systems can have on each other. A variety of factors and circumstances affecting the emergence and severity of issues in one system can also have a role in the performance of the other.

Effective analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their mutual impact. For example, patient characteristics such as, racial and ethnic variables can play a role The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment.

An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in neurological and musculoskeletal systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

To prepare:

Read scenario

 Scenario 4: A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment.

 Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:

  • Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
  • Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
  • How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Reading and Links

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.

  • Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems (stop at Aging and the nervous system)
  • Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (stop at Sleep); Summary Review
  • o   Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function; pp. 504–511, pp. 516–530 (start at Acute confusional states and delirium) (stop at Alterations in neuromotor functions); (Parkinson’s Disease); Summary Review

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  • Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (stop at Degenerative disorders of the spine); (start at Cerebrovascular disorders) (stop at Tumors of the central nervous system); Summary Review
  • Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (stop at Components of muscle function); Summary Review
  • Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function (stop at Bone tumors); (start at Disorders of joints); Summary Review  The Concept Of Neurological And Musculoskeletal Systems Assignment