Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment

Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder that mainly occurs during childhood and involves inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Children with this condition experience difficulty learning and focusing in class, resulting in poor performance at school. 60- 100 % of the children with ADHD present with various comorbid disorders that are also present during adulthood (Gnanavel et al., 2019)Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment. There are various treatment options for individuals with ADHD; therefore, it is the role of the advanced nurse practitioner to identify the best therapy for the patients. This paper seeks to elaborate on the benefits and risks of treatment options, including FDA-approved drugs and off-label drugs, in addition to non-pharmacological interventions and the clinical practices for ADHD.

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FDA Approved Drug

Combining both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions is most effective for ADHD. According to Cortese (2020), FDA has approved various stimulants and non-stimulants as the best treatment option. The first line of treatment for ADHD is stimulants, and there are various types of stimulants, including amphetamines and methylphenidate. I will recommend Ritalin, also known as methylphenidate, which increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the extracellular synaptic (Cortese, 2020)Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment. The most common side effects of the drug include; insomnia, tremor, hyperactivity, restlessness, hypertension, anorexia, tachycardia, palpitations, and seizure.

Stimulants have various benefits and risks, so it is necessary to identify them before prescribing the medications. The major risks of stimulants are potential abuse, especially among adolescents, and sudden death among children and adolescents with cardiac abnormalities or heart problems (Cortese, 2020). The stimulants have various benefits, including; helping the child focus, improving self-esteem, decreasing disruptive behaviors, improving relationships with friends and families, and decreasing levels of dependence.

Off Label Drug

Some f the off-label drugs are used in treating ADHD, and I would recommend Wellbutrin, which is in the class of atypical antidepressants. It works by decreasing the neuronal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in the central nervous system. It is commonly used to treat depression, smoking cessation, nicotine addiction, and other conditions such as seasonal affective disorder (Skånland & Cieślar-Pobuda, 2019). It is also considered an effective medication for treating ADHD. The common side effects of the medication include; hypertension, weight loss, headache, dizziness, and sweating. The major risk that comes with the use of the medication is an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment.

Non-pharmacological Intervention

There are various non-pharmacological interventions used in the treatment of ADHD. They include; behavioral therapy, exercise, diet, and psychoeducation. They play a role in reducing hyperactivity, improving attention, and controlling impulsive behavior. The essential non-pharmacological intervention is the therapy of parent training in behavior management (Shrestha et al., 2020)Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment. It plays a role in enhancing their understanding of the disorder’s behavioral symptoms and adapting reinforcement methods that will play a role in modifying the behavior and emotions of children with ADHD.

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Various guidelines are applicable during the treatment of ADHD. They include; comprehensive assessment, diagnosis, and evaluation. It is vital to assess all children before 18 years for ADHD. Various treatment options vary depending on the patient’s age and mainly include pharmacological treatments and evidence-based behavioral and educational interventions (Barbaresi et al., 2020). The health care provider should prescribe a dose with fewer side effects and the most benefits. Diagnosis of ADHD is mainly made based on the DSM V guidelines.

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Conclusion

To sum up, attention deficit disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is common in childhood. Children with this condition experience difficulty in controlling impulsive behaviors and paying attention. The most common treatment options for ADHD include; FDA-approved drugs, off-label medications, and non-pharmacological interventions. Various clinical practice guidelines play a role in assessing, diagnosing, and treating ADHD.

References

Barbaresi, W. J., Campbell, L., Diekroger, E. A., Froehlich, T. E., Liu, Y. H., O’Malley, E., Pelham, W. E. J., Power, T. J., Zinner, S. H., & Chan, E. (2020). Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Complex Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 41, S35. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000770

Cortese, S. (2020). Pharmacologic Treatment of Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(11), 1050–1056. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1917069 Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment

Gnanavel, S., Sharma, P., Kaushal, P., & Hussain, S. (2019). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 7(17), 2420–2426. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i17.2420

Shrestha, M., Lautenschleger, J., & Soares, N. (2020). Non-pharmacologic management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review. Translational Pediatrics, 9(S1), S114–S124. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.10.01

Skånland, S. S., & Cieślar-Pobuda, A. (2019). Off-label uses of drugs for depression. European Journal of Pharmacology, 865, 172732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172732

Assignment 1: Prescribing for Children and Adolescents
Off-label prescribing is when a physician gives you a drug that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved to treat a condition different than your condition. This practice is legal and common. In fact, one in five prescriptions written today are for off-label use.

—Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Psychotropic drugs are commonly used for children and adolescents to treat mental health disorders, yet many of these drugs are not FDA approved for use in these populations. Thus, their use is considered “off-label,” and it is often up to the best judgment of the prescribing clinician. As a PMHNP, you will need to apply the best available information and research on pharmacological treatments for children in order to safely and effectively treat child and adolescent patients. Sometimes this will come in the form of formal studies and approvals for drugs in children. Other times you may need to extrapolate from research or treatment guidelines on drugs in adults. Each individual patient case will need to be considered independently and each treatment considered from a risk assessment standpoint. What psychotherapeutic approach might be indicated as an initial treatment? What are the potential side effects of a particular drug?
For this Assignment, you consider these questions and others as you explore FDA-approved (“on label”)Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment pharmacological treatments, non-FDA-approved (“off-label”) pharmacological treatments, and nonpharmacological treatments for disorders in children and adolescents.
Reference:
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2015). Off-label drugs: What you need to know. https://www.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/patient-involvement/off-label-drug-usage.html

To Prepare
Your Instructor will assign a specific disorder for you to research for this Assignment. **(Assigned- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)**
Use the Walden library to research evidence-based treatments for your assigned disorder in children and adolescents. You will need to recommend one FDA-approved drug, one off-label drug, and one nonpharmacological intervention for treating this disorder in children and adolescents.
The Assignment (1–2 pages)Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment
Recommend one FDA-approved drug, one off-label drug, and one nonpharmacological intervention for treating your assigned disorder in children and adolescents.
Explain the risk assessment you would use to inform your treatment decision making. What are the risks and benefits of the FDA-approved medicine? What are the risks and benefits of the off-label drug?
Explain whether clinical practice guidelines exist for this disorder and, if so, use them to justify your recommendations. If not, explain what information you would need to take into consideration.
Support your reasoning with at least three scholarly resources, one each on the FDA-approved drug, the off-label, and a non-medication intervention for the disorder. Attach the PDFs of your sources.

Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Hilt, R. J., & Nussbaum, A. M. (2016). DSM-5 pocket guide for child and adolescent mental health. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Chapter 14, “Psychosocial Interventions”
Chapter 15, “Psychotherapeutic Interventions”
Chapter 16, “Psychopharmacological Interventions”
Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (6th ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
Chapter 43, “Pharmacological, Medically-Led and Related Treatments”
Walden University. (n.d.). Developing SMART goals. https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/ld.php?content_id=51901492 Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment

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Zakhari, R. (2020). The psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner certification review manual. Springer.
Chapter 5, “Psychopharmacology”
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
CriticalThinkRx. (2019, June 9). Module 5: Specific drug classes: Focus on adverse effects [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Gbq6RnOsGKQ
CriticalThinkRx. (2019, June 9). Module 2: Use of psychotropics with youth_prevalence and concerns [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/NRef-g4Ding Treatment Of Mental Disorder For Children And Adolescents Assignment