Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion
Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion
The interaction of genetics and environmental factors plays a significant role in the development and prognosis of recurring diseases. However, it is true that the allergic reaction experienced by the patient is not determined by genetics (McCance & Huether, 2019). In addition, drug allergies are acquired over the course of a person’s lifetime and are unrelated to a family history of allergies to particular drugs. 90% of those who experience allergic reactions to particular drugs eventually outgrow their allergy and stop experiencing such reactions (Tedner et al., 2021). The symptoms presented by the patient such as sore throat, positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy, and reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on tonsils that are enlarged to 3+ were due to the inflammatory response that occurred when the patient’s tissues were injured by bacteria, confirmed by the positive rapid strep test (McCance & Huether, 2019)Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion.
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IgE antibodies that are specific to the allergen recognized and bound to the antigen of the allergen when the patient was exposed to the allergen (amoxicillin). When the IgE antibodies specific to the allergen bound to the allergen, a chain of reactions was initiated that included mast cells being stimulated and activated, which then quickly released histamine and inflammatory mediators that bound to receptors on target cells (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). This chain of reactions led to anaphylactic symptoms such as excessive mucus production, constricted bronchioles, and dilated blood vessels, which were manifested as breathing difficulties, audible wheezing, and throat swelling by the patient (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). The cells involved in the hypersensitivity reaction to amoxicillin are majorly plasma cells that produce Immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to the recognition of antigen of the allergen, mast cells, and basophils which release histamine upon activation through the binding of IgE to the antigen of the allergen (Justiz-Vaillant & Zito, 2019). Although genetics does not determine incidences of allergic reactions to medication, the health status of an individual plays a major role (Ahmed, 2021)Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion. For instance, patients with underlying diseases, both genetical and non-genetical, have compromised immune systems and would have exacerbated the health condition of the patient.
References
Ahmed, A. (2021). Winning over allergies: Myths and facts. Hay House.
Justiz-Vaillant, A. A., & Zito, P. M. (2019). Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Tedner, S. G., Asarnoj, A., Thulin, H., Westman, M., Konradsen, J. R., & Nilsson, C. (2021). Food allergy and hypersensitivity reactions in children and adults—A review. Journal of Internal Medicine, 291(3), 283-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13422 Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion
I need to reply to the post below with 2 references. respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not.
Role Genetics Play in Disease
Recurring infections may be influenced by genetics. The intricate combination of host genetics and environmental factors results in susceptibility to infection and many other human disorders (Jackson et al., 2018). In light of the importance of these immune system components in the host’s defense against such infection, recurrent infection with pyogenic bacteria may indicate a dysfunction in antibody, complement, or phagocyte function. The immune system’s reaction to some diseases may be influenced by hereditary characteristics in patients. Like other phenotypes, infectious diseases can show familial aggregation, where relatives of people with the disease experience the disease more frequently than those who do not. To recap, the patient is negative for recurrent colds, influenza, ear infections, or pneumonia which shows that genetics did not impact the patient being positive for strep throat. This patient’s strep throat looks to be acute rather than chronic Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion.
Why the Patient is Displaying the Particular Symptoms Described?
The patient’s immunologic reaction to strep throat was characterized by a low-grade temperature of 99.6, a reddish posterior pharynx with white exudation on +3 enlarged tonsils, and anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy, rather than the patient’s genetics. Strep throat is a bacterial infection, not a hereditary illness. Streptococcus pyogenes are transferred through respiratory droplets, skin contact, or the environment. All of the patient’s symptoms were caused by strep throat. The short incubation period, fever, sore throat, erythematous pharynx, cervical lymphadenopathy, and tonsillar enlargement characterize the course of strep throat infection (Peters et al., 2017). Streptococcus pyogenes induces an overabundance of SAg-activated T cells, which results in fever and inflammation (McCance and Huether, 2019)Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion. The patient presents with a reddish pharynx and white exudate, all immunological responses. The inflammatory response is the second line of defense, protecting the body from further injury (McCance and Huether, 2019). Additionally, the patient has white exudate, a component of the inflammatory response in early or mild inflammation with relatively few plasma proteins or leukocytes. Consequently, the redness in the pharynx, the white exudate, and the swollen tonsils are all indications of inflammation in the throat caused by the entrance of Streptococcus group A bacteria.
The Physiologic Response to the Stimulus
After a positive test for strep throat, the patient was prescribed Amoxicillin. After taking the drug, the patient experienced an acute allergic reaction. The patient’s reaction within minutes indicated that he experienced an instant hypersensitive reaction. The patient’s allergic reaction includes swelling, breathing trouble, and wheezing, all indicators of an anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis is the quickest and most severe acute hypersensitivity reaction (McCance and Huether, 2019). This reaction typically develops quickly after a patient is exposed to an allergen. Systemic anaphylaxis is characterized by difficulty breathing and spasm of the bronchial smooth muscle, which may explain why the patient was wheezing (McCance and Huether, 2019)Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion. The lips and tongue of the patient were enlarged due to cutaneous anaphylaxis, which causes local symptoms such as edema.
Cells Involved in This Process
Antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells mediate the cells involved in developing an allergic reaction. The patient’s cells responded rapidly to the Amoxicillin. The initial swelling of the patient’s lips and tongue results from mast cell degranulation triggered by an acute inflammatory response (McCance and Huether, 2019). Bronchial constriction produced instant difficulties breathing and noticeable wheezing in the patient. The most potent mediator is histamine, which acts on target cells via H1 receptors to trigger bronchial constriction (McCance and Huether, 2019). Type II allergic hypersensitivities are typically against allergens that attach to the cell surface and trigger an IgG or IgM response, as is the case with numerous medications such as penicillins (McCance and Huether, 2019). Amoxicillin and penicillin belong to the same drug class. An immunogenic antigen is a product of penicillin catabolism that attaches to the plasma membranes of erythrocytes or platelets and generates an antibody response that destroys cells in penicillin-induced allergic responses (McCance and Huether, 2019)Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion.
How Another Characteristic Would Change the Response
Many patient variables could alter the response. The patient was a 16-year-old male, and in this age group, strep throat is rather frequent. This could affect how the patient’s immune system responds to the bacterium whether they were a newborn or an elderly patient. Additionally, immunodeficiency might alter the patient’s treatment plan, as he may require a more aggressive approach. If the patient had any genetic predispositions that put him at a higher risk for infection, the type of care administered to the patient would also vary. If the patient has used multiple antibiotics owing to recurring infections, I would be better able to select an MRSA-preventative antibiotic. If the patient had a history of antibiotic hypersensitivity, his therapy would have been altered accordingly. The shift in reaction to a bacterial illness would not be affected by gender, but I would be more aware of drug side effects such as yeast infections Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion.
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References
Jackson, M., Marks, L., May, G. H., & Wilson, J. B. (2018). The genetic basis of disease. Essays in biochemistry, 62(5), 643-723. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20170053Links to an external site.
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier
Peters, J., Price, J., & Llewelyn, M. (2017). Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Infections. Medicine, 45(12), 727-734. https://doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.09.010 Allergy And Hypersensitivity Reactions Discussion