Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Refer to the Epidemiologic Tools and Assessments Discussion activity that you completed with your team this week.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

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Summarize your discussion in a 700- to 875-word paper.

Include examples from at least three of the assessments that your team discussed.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Format the summary according to APA guidelines.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your Epidemiologic Tools and Assessments Summary assignment.

DHA 731 WEEK 8 Epidemiologic Analysis and Preventable Disease Paper
Your epidemiology research and consulting firm has been hired by the county medical care review board to review preventable medical conditions.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Select a noninfectious medical condition that may be considered preventable. Do not choose a condition you have already selected.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word executive summary for the county review board that addresses the following:

Review literature, including the readings, for analyses and data concerning the condition.
Summarize the analyses and data.
Discuss the following:
Use and application of epidemiologic analyses and data concerning this condition, in terms of how data may be utilized for decision-making in county hospitals or community-based health care settings.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.
How conclusions and insights that derive from the analyses may assist in decision-making processes regarding allocating limited health care resources by the county throughout its health care network.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.
Role and potential use of the information that derives from the analyses relating to the condition and management programs.
Challenges that confront the county relating to prevention-related initiatives.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Select a noninfectious medical condition that may be considered preventable. Do not choose a condition you have already selected.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word executive summary for the county review board that addresses the following:

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes entail a large health burden for the mother and offspring; a part of it might be avoided by better understanding the role of environmental factors in their etiology. Our aims were to review the assessment tools to characterize fecundity troubles and pregnancy-related outcomes in human populations and their sensitivity to environmental factors. For each outcome, we reviewed the possible study designs, main sources of bias, and their suggested cures.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. In terms of study design, for most pregnancy outcomes, cohorts with recruitment early during or even before pregnancy allow efficient characterization of pregnancy-related events, time-varying confounders, and in utero exposures that may impact birth outcomes and child health. Studies on congenital anomalies require specific designs, assessment of anomalies in medical pregnancy terminations, and, for congenital anomalies diagnosed postnatally, follow-up during several months after birth.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Statistical analyses should take into account environmental exposures during the relevant time windows; survival models are an appropriate approach for fecundity, fetal loss, and gestational duration/preterm delivery. Analysis of gestational duration could distinguish pregnancies according to delivery induction (and possibly pregnancy-related conditions). In conclusion, careful design and analysis are required to better characterize environmental effects on human reproduction.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Keywords: birth weight, cohort studies, congenital abnormalities, environment, fecundity, fetal membranes, premature rupture, pregnancy, preterm birth
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INTRODUCTION
Human reproduction occurs through a complex chain of behavioral and biological events involving 3 individuals.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Although apparently inessential to the health of individuals, reproduction is crucial for the survival of the species. In addition, perturbations in specific stages of reproduction can have an important health impact: A major health concern related to pregnancy is the rate of perinatal and maternal deaths.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. There have been important declines in these rates over the last decades in Western but not in all countries (1). Another major health concern is preterm delivery, which is associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality and also has long-term consequences, such as increased risk of neurodevelopmental and behavioral adverse events (cerebral palsy and cognitive and school difficulties), or altered pulmonary function in childhood and adolescence (2).Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Fecundity represents another important issue, because involuntary infertility concerns a large proportion of pregnancy attempts (probably around 15%–25% of pregnancy attempts in the case of 12-month involuntary infertility) (3, 4), entails psychological suffering (5), and may be associated with medical treatments with limited efficiency and potential negative effects on maternal health.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Birth weight is associated with many adult illnesses (6). This association may not be causal but rather may be explained by restricted fetal growth and adult diseases sharing common causes such as environmental exposures during development, as considered in the context of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis (6). This hypothesis, which highlights the importance of development as a window of heightened sensitivity to stressors, as well as the burden entailed by adverse fecundity and pregnancy outcomes, warrants for a better understanding of the impact of environmental exposures during pregnancy.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Hundreds of studies (reviewed, e.g., in 7–10) have identified environmental factors that possibly impact the occurrence of fecundity or pregnancy-related outcomes in humans. The study of such potential impacts is made difficult by methodological challenges linked to the complexity of human reproductive function (11–15).Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Such challenges include issues related to the following: 1) the identification of the population at risk (the “right denominator”). For example, data on the number of couples who resort to in vitro fertilization are difficult to use to estimate trends in fecundity troubles without knowledge on the number of couples at risk, that is, the number of pregnancy attempts; these couples cannot easily be identified; 2) the fact that many reproductive life events are not illnesses and, consequently, do not systematically require contact with the health-care system; and 3) the interrelation between the events from the start of a pregnancy attempt until the delivery of a child, entailing complex selection phenomena and “competing risks.”Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. For example, an exposure increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion will possibly limit the proportion of surviving fetuses sensitive to the environmental factor, which might in turn reduce the apparent impact of this exposure on gestational duration, fetal growth, or frequency of congenital anomalies.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.

Our aim was to review and discuss the assessment tools to evaluate fecundity and pregnancy-related outcomes in human populations and their sensitivity to environmental factors. The health outcomes covered include fecundity troubles, fetal loss and growth, congenital anomalies, premature rupture of membranes, and preterm birth (Figure 1).Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Male (16) or female fecundity parameters, sex ratio, pregnancy complications, and postnatal health are out of the scope of this review. Generally, exposure assessment can rely on biomarkers assessed in (preferably prospectively collected) biological samples (possibly in conjunction with toxicokinetic models, when available), environmental models (for exposures occurring via 1 main pathway, such as air or drinking water, generally in conjunction with questionnaires on behaviors influencing exposure), personal dosimeters, job-exposure matrices, and questionnaires (17).Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers. Issues related to exposure assessment (17) are discussed only if they are specific to the field of reproduction.Epidemiologic Tools Assignment Papers.